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Chapter 4:
Mental Disorders and Suicide
What Are Mental Disorders?
Kinds of Mental Disorders
Suicide
Treating Mental Disorders
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What Are Mental Disorders?
Recognizing Mental Disorders
 MENTAL DISORDER: an illness that affects the
mind and prevents a person from being
productive, adjusting to life situations, or getting
along with others.
 Characterized by abnormal:
 Thoughts
 Feelings
 or behaviors that make people uncomfortable
with themselves or at odds with others.
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Disorders we will cover
Anxiety Disorders
Affective Disorders
Eating Disorders
STIGMA
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Statistics
An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans
ages 18 and older — about one in four
adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental
disorder in a given year = 57.7 million
people
About 20 percent of children are estimated
to have mental disorders
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What Are Mental Disorders?
Recognizing Mental Disorders
 Signs of a mental disorder  1 in 10 children in the US
suffer from a mental
usually occur frequently
disorder severe enough
and over a long period of
to cause some level of
time
impairment
 Signs are not always easy
Children are defined as
to identify
those under the age of
18
What is normal behavior
in one culture may not be
in another
 There are more than 230
types of mental disorders
which are recognized
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Kinds of Mental Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 ANXIETY is a feeling of fear that is not directed
toward any definite threat.
 Generalized ANXIETY DISODER
is a diagnosis given to people
whose worries have taken
on a life of their own.
-The topics of worrying
are ordinary concerns:
will I be able to pass the exam next week?,
Is my boyfriend/girlfriend really interested in me?
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ANXIETY DISODERS
 is a condition in which real or imagined fears
are difficult to control.
 Characterized by chronic fear…
 People with this disorder often arrange their
lives to avoid situations that make them feel
anxious or fearful.
 There are four main types of anxiety disorders:
1. Phobic Disorder
2. Panic Disorder
3. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder
4. Post – Traumatic stress disorder
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Kinds of Mental Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
1. Phobic Disorder
PHOBIA: Anxiety
related to a specific
situation or object –
heights, social, spiders,
etc.
How might fears affect
normal living?
2. Panic Disorder
 Has an unexplained feeling
of terror – feelings
accompanied by symptoms
such as trembling,
pounding heart, shortness
of breath, dizziness.
 This fear gets in the way of
a person’s ability to enjoy
life
 Could lead to a person
becoming housebound –
agoraphobia – a fear of
being alone away from help
and avoidance of many
different places and
situations.
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COMMON PHOBIAS
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Acrohobia
Agoraphobia
Algophobia
Astrophobia
Claustrophobia
Cynophobia
Hydrophobia
Monophobia
Nyctophobia
Ophidophobia
Thanatophobia
Xenophobia
Zoophobia
Belonephobia
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Heights
Open or public places
Pain
Stars/Space
Small Spaces
Dogs
Water
Being Alone
Dark/Night
Snakes
Death and dying
Strangers
Animals
Needles
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Anxiety Disorders
3. Obsessive- Compulsive
Disorder
OBSESSION: an idea or
thought that takes over the
mind and cannot be forgotten
COMPULSION: repeated,
irresistible behaviors
Repetitive behaviors such as
 Hand washing, counting,
cleaning
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Types of Anxiety Disorders
 4. Post – Traumatic stress disorder a condition that may result after exposure to a
terrifying event that threatened or caused
physical harm.
 The disorder is common after a personal assault
–rape, bombings, earthquakes, plane crashes,
military combat.
 Symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, emotional
numbness, guilt, sleeplessness
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Lifetime Prevelance of Selected Psychological Disorders
Among Americans
Disorder
Men (%)
Women (%)
Anxiety Disorders
Simple Phobia
6.7
15.7
Social Phobia
11.1
15.5
Panic Disorder
2.0
5.0
GAD
3.6
6.6
OCD
1.7
2.8
PTSD
5.0
10.4
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Kinds of Mental Disorders
Affective Disorders
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS:
A mental disorder in which a person’s
moods or emotions become extreme and
interfere with daily life.
It is normal to feel depressed if you
experience an important loss or failure
The feeling usually lifts after a couple of
days or weeks and you can get on with
your life
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Kinds of Mental Disorders
Affective Disorders
 CLINICAL DEPRESSION:
A mental disorder in which a
person is overwhelmed by
sad feelings for months and
stops being able to carry
out everyday activities
 Can be caused by stressors
 Negative attitudes learned
early in life may also
contribute
 Anyone who shows signs of clinical
depression should seek help from a
parent, teacher, guidance counselor,
physician, or mental health
professional.
 Signs of Clinical Depression
 Change in appetite
 With weight loss or gain
 Change in sleep patterns
 Difficulty sleeping or
sleeping too much
 Change in activity level
 Increased or slowed- down
 Loss of interest or pleasure
in usual activities
 Loss of energy, feeling tired
all the time
 Difficulty thinking or
concentrating
 Recurrent thought of death
and suicide
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Kinds of Mental Disorders
Affective Disorders
Bi - Polar
 Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. People who have it
experience dramatic mood swings. They may go from overly
energetic, "high" and/or irritable, to sad and hopeless, and then back
again. They often have normal moods in between. The up feeling is
called mania. The down feeling is depression.
 During a manic episode
 Overly excited
 Restless
 Rapid talking which is impossible to follow
 Difficulty concentrating
 Show poor judgment
 May over spend on a shopping spree
 May drive recklessly
 Manic episodes alternate with periods of deep depression
 May behave normally between periods of extreme moods
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 Schizophrenia is a severe, lifelong brain disorder.
People who have it may hear voices, see things that
aren't there or believe that others are reading or
controlling their minds. In men, symptoms usually start in
the late teens and early 20s. They include hallucinations,
or seeing things, and delusions such as hearing voices.
For women, they start in the mid-20s to early 30s. Other
symptoms include:
 Unusual thoughts or perceptions
 Disorders of movement
 Difficulty speaking and expressing emotion
 Problems with attention, memory and organization
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Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are present when a
person experiences severe disturbances
in eating behavior, such as extreme
reduction of food intake or extreme
overeating, feelings of extreme distress,
or concern about body weight or shape.
 Psychological pressures, possible genetic
factors, and an obsession with body image
and thinness can lead to an eating disorder.
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Eating Disorders
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1.
2.
3.
The main types of eating disorders are :
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
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ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 A serious eating disorder in which a person
refuses to eat enough food to maintain a
minimum normal body weight
http://www.facetheissue.com/anor
exia.html
Some people with anorexia lose weight by
dieting and exercising excessively; others
lose weight by misusing laxatives
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ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 Symptoms:
 Extreme loss of body weight
 Intense fear of gaining weight
(even when underweight)
 Denial of the seriousness of
low body weight
 Infrequent or absent menstrual
periods (women)
 Avoiding meals
 Intense or excessive exercise
as another means of controlling
weight
•Slowed heart and
breathing rates
•Lowered body
temperature
•Dry skin
•Brittle hair and nails
•In some cases, a lack of
essential minerals may
cause the heart to stop
suddenly, leading to
death
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Most models are thinner than 98% of American women
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Anorexia Nervosa
 Statistics
 An estimated .5% to
3.7% of females
suffer from anorexia
in their lifetime
 An estimated 5-15%
of people with
anorexia are males
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TREATING ANOREXIA
Involves three components:
restoring the person to a healthy weight
treating the psychological issues related to
the eating disorder
reducing or eliminating behaviors or
thoughts that lead to disordered eating,
and preventing relapse.
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Eating Disorders- Bulimia
BULIMIA: A serious eating disorder in
which alternates eating binges with
purging
Bulimia is MORE prevalent than Anorexia
Difficult to diagnose
Public behavior appears normal
Bulimic behavior occurs in private
Most Bulimics do not become dangerously
underweight
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Eating Disorders- Bulimia
 Serious health effects
Dehydration and kidney
failure
chronically inflamed and
sore throat
Enamel on teeth erodes
Vitamin and mineral
deficiencies
intestinal distress and
irritation from laxative
abuse
 Symptoms
Eating uncontrollably
Using the bathroom
frequently after meals
Bloodshot eyes
Sore throat
Weakness/ exhaustion
Vomiting blood
Depression/ Mood swings
Heartburn, bloating,
indigestion, constipation
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Eating Disorders- Bulimia
 Enamel erosion of all
teeth
 Increased occurrence of
cavities
 Braces and restorations
may not stay on teeth
 Teeth become discolored
 Bleeding of the gums
 Physical changes in the
mouth are often the 1st
signs of an eating
disorder
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Statistics on Eating Disorders
 The Desire to be Thin
42% of 1st grade girls want
to be thinner
81% of 10 year olds are
afraid of being fat
The avg. American woman
is 5’4” and 140lbs.
The avg. American model is
5’11” and 117 lbs.
 Dieting
51% of 9 and 10 year
old girls feel better
about themselves if
they are on a diet
95% of all dieters
regain the lost weight in
1-5 years
Americans spend over
$40 billion on dieting
and diet products every
year
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Warning Signs to look for
If you notice a family member or friend with the
following symptoms consider talking to him or
her about these issues with compassion:
low self-esteem
severe dieting
frequent overeating
hoarding of food
dissatisfaction with appearance
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What to do about a friend that has
an Eating Disorder
 If You Have An Eating
Disorder
Tell someone you trust
You will need support
It is an addiction
 If You Do Not Get Help
Death from malnutrition
Dangerous heart rhythms
Dental Problems
Liver failure
Hair loss
 Worried about a
Friend?
Express your concern in a
loving and supportive way
Tell someone
Avoid giving simple
solutions
Express your
CONTINUED support
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Body dysmorphic disorder
A type of chronic mental illness in which
you can't stop thinking about a flaw with
your appearance — a flaw either that is
minor or that you imagine.
When you have body dysmorphic disorder,
you intensely obsess over your
appearance and body image, often for
many hours a day. You may seek out
numerous cosmetic procedures to try to
"fix" your perceived flaws but never are
satisfied.
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For Additional Information
National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA)
www.nationaleatingdisorders.org
American Dietetic Association (ADA)
www.eatright.org
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
www.nimh.nih.gov
Teen Health
www.teenshealth.org
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Suicide
Myths and Facts
 People who talk about suicide
rarely attempt it
 (False!)
 The tendency toward suicide is
inherited and passed from
generation to generation.
 (False)
 The suicidal person wants
to die and feels that there is
no turning back.
 (False)
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 All suicidal people are deeply depressed.
 (False)
There is no correlation between
alcoholism and suicide
 (FALSE!!!)
 Suicidal people are mentally ill.
 (FALSE!!!)
Once someone attempts suicide, that person will
always entertain thoughts of suicide.
 (FALSE)
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Suicide
Myths and Facts
 If you ask someone about
their suicidal intentions,
you will only encourage
them to kill themselves.
 (False)
 Suicide is quite common
among the lower class.
 (False)
 Suicidal people rarely
seek medical attention.
 (False)
 Suicide is limited to young people.
 (False)
 Professional people do not kill
themselves.
 (False)
 When a depression lifts, there is no
longer any danger of suicide.
 (False)
 Suicide is a spontaneous activity that
occurs without warning.
 (False)
 Because it includes the Christmas
season, December has a high suicide
rate.
 (False)
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Suicide
The Warning Signs
 Same signs as depression
 Loss of energy
 Change in sleep patterns
 Withdrawal from usual
activities
 Radical changes in personality
 Outgoing becomes withdrawn
 Shy person becomes
aggressive
 Severe depression
 Actions
 Stops doing things he/ she
enjoys
 Gives away belongings
 Decline in school performance
 Things a person says
 “I don’t want to live anymore.”
 “They’ll be sorry when I’m gone.”
 Suffered a major trauma
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
Moving to a new place
Losing boyfriend/ girlfriend
Friend/ family member dies
Going through family divorce
 Signs can be deceptive
 Someone who has been severely
depressed suddenly becomes
happy and carefree
 May think person is better and over
the depression
 Why might they really be happy?
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Suicide
Statistics
 In 2006, U.S.A. suicides accounted for 33,000
deaths
 Who dies from suicide more often, men or
women?
More men than women die from suicide
 Gender ratio is 4:1 (4 times more men than women die
from suicide)
 73% of all suicides are white males
 80% of all firearm suicides are white males
 What is the 3rd leading cause of death among
people aged 15- 24
Suicide
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Suicide
How to Help a Suicidal Person
 DO
 Trust your feelings if you
believe the person is suicidal
 Take seriously a suicidal
person’s threats
 Tell the suicidal person how
concerned you are and how
much you care about him/
her
 Talk calmly with the suicidal
person – show interest and
compassion
 Find professional help for
the suicidal person
 Stay with the suicidal person
until help arrives
 DO NOT
 Dare the suicidal person to go
ahead and make the attempt
 Judge the suicidal person
 Analyze the suicidal person’s
motives
 Argue or try to convince the
suicidal person of reasons
why he/ she should not
attempt suicide
 Keep the suicidal person’s
self- destructive thoughts or
actions a secret
 Leave a suicidal person alone
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Suicide
Helping Yourself
 If you have been feeling depressed, remember that no
matter how overwhelming the problems in life may
seem, SUICIDE IS NEVER A SOLUTION.
 Knowing some specific symptoms of mental disorders
can help a person determine if he or she should seek
help
- you feel trapped with no way out –you worry all of the
time
- your feelings affect your sleep, eating habits, school
work, or relationships
- Your family and friends express concern about your
behavior – aggressive, violent, reckless
- you are becoming involved with alcohol/drugs
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Treating Mental Disorders
 Most people wait too long to seek help
 Where to find help
 Often, a parent, relative, teacher, school counselor, physician,
or religious leader can tell you about mental health
professionals` and services in your community.
 There are different type of mental health professionals that
are capable of different treatment methods. They may
include counseling as well as a drug treatment plan.
 Asking for help is not a sign of weakness – it is a sign of
strength as it shows responsibility for one’s own wellness.
 http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-inthe-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml
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Suicide
Fact or Myth
 People who really intend to commit suicide do not let anyone know about it.
________
 Suicide is proof of mental illness.____________
 People who really want to commit suicide will do it regardless of any
attempts to prevent them.__________
 People who made a suicide attempt but survived did not really intend to
die.__________________
 http://dhhs.nv.gov/Suicide/DOCS/StatisticsResearch/A
llStateSuicideRankings/2004%20Final%20Data.pdf
 http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-andprevention/index.shtml
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