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Hormonal control of blood glucose In the GI tract, 80% of all carbohydrate is digested to glucose Basically: Glucose Used for ATP production Glycogen Used for glucose storage Insulin Effects on Muscle and Fat Tissue • Insulin initiates transfer of glucose transporters to cell membrane • blood glucose • production of glycogen Effects in Muscle & Fat Glycogen synthesis Glucose transporter glucose SNARE dependent transport Glucose transporter Insulin storage vesicle In the Liver • insulin stimulates the synthesis of an enzyme (glucokinase) • Required to ‘trap’ glucose in the cell • initiates glycogen production Effects in Liver GLUT2 Glycogen synthesis Glucose transporter glucose X glucose Glucose 6-phosphate glucokinase ‘trapped’ Other hormones • Glucagon – Secretion stimulated by low blood glucose – Activates enzymes for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis – Leads to blood glucose levels • Somatostatin – Regulates secretion of insulin and glucagon Glucose Regulation Summary • Endocrine pancreas • Secretion of several hormones important for blood glucose regulation • Insulin glucose uptake and storage – Different effects on liver and muscle & fat • Glucagon glucose production Thyroid and Parathyroid Thyroid • Thyroid Hormones – Produced in the follicle cells of the thyroid – T3 triiodothyronine – T4 thyroxine • Both require iodine to be produced • Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate in muscle, heart, liver and kidney – Produces heat • Lack of iodine during development Stunted growth, called cretinism Enlargement of the thyroid, called goiter Due to lack of thyroid hormones and overstimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH Because no negative feedback Control of Thyroid Cold If –’ve feedback lost Too much TSH Get goiter Hypothalamic neurons Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid Release of thyroid hormones – T3 and T4 Control of extracellular Calcium • Two hormones 1. Parathyroid hormone 2. calcitonin Parathyroid • Low blood Ca++ stimulates release of parathyroid hormones • Act to increase blood Ca++ by – Ca++ release from bone – Ca++ absorption in gut – Ca++ reabsorption in kidney Calcitonin • Produced in parafollicle cells of the thyroid gland • High Blood Ca++ stimulates release of calcitonin • Act to decrease blood Ca++ by – ↓ Ca++ release from bone – ↓ Ca++ reabsorption in kidney High Ca++ Low Ca++ Calcitonin Mobilize Ca From Bone Parathyroid hormone Reabsorb Ca In the kidney Increase absorption of Ca from intestine • Summary – Blood glucose regulation – Thyroid gland – Calcium regualtion by parathyroid and calcitonin • What to do next Tuesday? – review