Download The endocrine system is founded on hormones and glands.

The
Endocrine
System
Hormones Hormones!!!
These are the main parts of the
endocrine system…
Hormones & Glands
 The endocrine system is founded on hormones
and glands.
 Hormones transfer info and orders from a set of cells
to another. Each type of hormone is designed to
affect only certain cells.
 A gland is a bunch of cells that produce and gives off
chemicals. A gland ‘selects and removes materials from the
blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical
product for use somewhere in the body.’
 For example, exocrine glands like the sweat glands release
secretions in the skin or inside the mouth.
Hypothalamus
 In the lower central part of the brain
 The main link between the endocrine and the
nervous systems.
 Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the
pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either
stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the
pituitary.
Pituitary Gland
 The gland is no bigger than a pea.
 Located at the base of the brain, and
the most important part of the
entire endocrine system.
 AKA: The master gland because it
makes hormones that control other
endocrine glands.
 The production of hormones and
secretions can be affected by emotions and
seasons change.
 Divided into two parts.
The Division

The tiny pituitary has two parts: the
anterior and the posterior lobe.

The anterior regulates the thyroid, adrenals,
and the reproductive’s activities. It makes
hormones like growth hormones, prolactin
(breastfeeding), thyrotropin, and
corticotropin.

The posterior releases antiduretic
hormones, which balances the body’s water
level. It also makes oxytocin, which
activates the contractions of the uterus in a
woman in labor.

The pituitary also secretes endorphins,
chemicals that act on the nervous sytem and
reduce painful feelings. It also gets rid of
hormones that signal the reproductive
organs to make sex hormones. It also
controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
 The thyroid is in the front




part of the lower neck, and is
shaped like a butterfly.
It produces the hormones known
as thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
These control the rate at which
cells burn fuels from food to
produce energy.
Thyroid hormones are
important because they
participate in the growth and
development of kids’ and
teens’ bones and the nervous
system.
Attached to the thryoid are four
small glands called the
parathyroids, which, with the help
of calcitonin, control the calcium
level.
 There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney.
 There are two parts, each of which makes hormones and has a different function.
 The outer part, or the Arenal Cortex, makes hormones (corticosteroids) that control the salt
and water balance in the body, responses to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and
sexual development/function.
 The inner part, or the Adrenal Medulla, makes hormones (catecholamines) that increases
blood pressure and heart rate when there is stress. (ex. Epinephrine, or adrenaline)
Adrenal
Glands
 The pineal gland, or
the pineal body is in
the middle of the
brain. It secretes
melatonin, a
hormone that
regulates when you
sleep at night and
wake up in the
morning.
Reproductive Glands!!!
 The gonads are the main source of sex
hormones. Even though you may think that
gonads are just in guys, you’re wrong! Girls
have them too…
Male Gonads
 In guys the male gonads, or testes
are located in the scrotum. They
secrete hormones called androgens,
the most important of which is
testosterone. These hormones tell a
guy's body when it's time to make the
changes associated with puberty, like
penis and height growth, deepening
voice, and growth in facial and pubic
hair. Working with hormones from the
pituitary gland, testosterone also tells
a guy's body when it's time to produce
sperm in the testes.
 The ovaries are located in her
pelvis. They produce eggs and
secrete the female hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is involved when a girl
begins to go through puberty.
During puberty, a girl will
experience breast growth, will
begin to accumulate body fat
around the hips and thighs,
and will have a growth spurt.
Estrogen and progesterone are
also involved in the regulation
of a girl's menstrual cycle.
These hormones also play a
role in pregnancy.
Female Gonads
What Does the Endocrine System Do?
Once a hormone is secreted, it travels from the endocrine gland that produced it
through the bloodstream to the cells designed to receive its message. These cells are
called target cells. Along the way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the
hormones. These proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is
available for the cells to use. The target cells have receptors that latch onto only specific
hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor, so that each hormone will communicate only
with specific target cells that have receptors for that hormone. When the hormone reaches its
target cell, it locks onto the cell's specific receptors and these hormone-receptor
combinations transmit chemical instructions to the inner workings of the cell.
 When hormone levels reach a certain normal amount, the endocrine system helps the body
to keep that level of hormone in the blood. For example, if the thyroid gland has secreted
the right amount of thyroid hormones into the blood, the pituitary gland senses the normal levels of
thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. Then the pituitary gland adjusts its release of thyrotropin, the
hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
 Another example of this process is parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone
increases the level of calcium in the blood. When the blood calcium level rises, the
parathyroid glands sense the change and reduce their secretion of parathyroid
hormone. This turnoff process is called a negative feedback system.


What
can go
wrong
Too much or too little of
any hormone can be
harmful to your body.
For example, if the pituitary gland
produces too much growth
hormone, a teen may grow
excessively tall. If it produces too
little, a teen may be unusually
short. Doctors can often treat the
problems by controlling the
production of hormones or
replacing certain hormones with
medication. Some endocrine
problems that affect teens are…

Adrenal insufficiency. This condition occurs when the
adrenal glands don't produce enough corticosteroids. The
symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include
weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration,
and skin changes.

Growth hormone problems. Too much growth
hormone in kids and teens who are still growing will
make their bones and other body parts grow excessively.
This rare condition (sometimes called gigantism) is
usually caused by a pituitary tumor and can be treated by
removing the tumor.
Problems…

Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a
condition in which the levels of thyroid
hormones in the blood are very
high/low.

Precocious puberty. If the
pituitary glands release
hormones that stimulate the
gonads to produce sex
hormones too early, some
kids may begin to go through
puberty at a very young age.
The End
Made for you by:
 Chelsea Hunter
 Karina Emeric
 Shelby Kesic
 Roberto Ramos
The Endocrine System
Review Questions

1.
2.
3.
TRUE or FALSE?
The endocrine system is founded on hormones and
tissues.
A gland is a bunch of cells that produce and gives off
chemicals.
The Pituitary gland is no bigger than a bean.
Review Questions (cont.)
What is a gland?
a. Cells that produce and give off gland tissue.
b. Cells that produce and give off chemicals.
c. Transporters of blood to the heart.
What two systems is the hypothalamus linked between?
a.
The nervous and the endocrine
b.
The respiratory and the endocrine
c.
The skeletal and the reproductive
Which part of the endocrine is the most important, and nicknamed the Master Gland?
a.
The thyroid
b.
The testes
c.
The pituitary gland
Review Questions (again)
What gland is important because of the participation in development of kids’ bones and the nervous system; it’s also
shaped like a butterfly.
a.
Pineal Gland
b.
Ovary
c.
Thyroid
The two parts of the adrenal gland are the Adrenal _______ and the Adrenal _______.
What does the pineal gland regulate?
Where are the male gonads located?
a.
In the penis
b.
In the testes
c.
In the scrotum
The ovaries produce ______ and secrete the female hormones _________ and_____________.
 List a few things that could go wrong with the endocrine
system….