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Transcript
The Indian Subcontinent The Aryans and the Vedic Age Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the largest cities Civilizations participated in long-distance trade Possible causes for their Decline: Monsoons destroyed irrigation and farming prospects Invasions Long distance trade collapsed Aryans Root of the word is arya meaning “noble” or “pure” Spoke an early form of Sanskrit Where did they come from? Theory One: Aryans descended from North India through the Hindu Kush. Theory 2: they arrived much earlier, and perhaps descended from the Harappans. Theory 3: they were the originals inhabitants of India Aryans and the Vedas The Vedas A collection, in multiple volumes, of hymns, rituals, and philosophies The Vedas include stories that attempt to explain how the world was created, who the gods are, etc. Thought to be the earliest written texts Rig Veda The earliest Veda Originally was recited orally and passed down generation to generation Children began learning the Rig Veda at an early age, would learn to chant each syllable in perfect order Importance of Aryans: Introduction of a Social Order Each tribe was headed by a raja, or chief Priests were next in importance They learned complicated rituals Rituals typically focused on honoring or appeasing the gods Warrior class Farmers Non-Aryans made up the lowest class They were not slaves They were only allowed to perform the most menial tasks Caste System The system of dividing society into hereditary groups that limited interaction with each other, especially marriage between castes The hierarchical groups (classes) into which Indian society was divided is called a varna Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors and officials) Vaishyas (merchants and artisans) Sudras (peasants and laborers) Dalits (untouchables) outside the caste system Caste System Brahmins Aryan priests who supported the growth of royal power The only caste that was permitted to perform important, sacred, daily religious rituals Untouchables Were not permitted to participate in or be near religious rituals It is believed that people ended up in this caste as a result of bad karma that accumulated in previous lifetimes Perform(ed) the most menial jobs The Beginning of Hinduism Brahmanism Brahmins memorized Vedas and passed traditions down from generation to generation The religion of the Vedic Age is called Brahmanism Brahmins studied the Vedas and were the only ones that performed rituals Beginnings of Hinduism Indians beliefs began to change Gurus were thinkers and teachers that left their homes and went into the forest to meditate about life and its big questions: Ex. Why are we born? Ex. How should we live? Their ideas were put into writing (Upanishads) Vedas and Upanishads became Hinduism’s holy scriptures Epic Poems explained how people should lead their lives as Hindus Ramayana Mahabharata Moral lessons about right 200,000 lines long and wrong Importance of loyalty and respect Two families at war for control of kingdom Moral Issues Bhagavad-Gita:(“Song of the Lord”) is a sacred section of this poem. Beliefs of Hinduism Reincarnation The rebirth of the soul in a new body Karma Effects of a person’s actions in this and in previous lives Determines how a person is reborn Bad karma brings rebirth into a lower caste or as an animal Beliefs of Hinduism There is one supreme cosmic consciousness, spiritual force, or God called Brahman Every person is born with a soul The soul is also a form of Brahman All of the Gods and Goddesses are a form of Brahman Ex. Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti Brahman is the source of all things Hinduism: 4 Basic Goals in Life Dharma Pleasure A person’s duty or what is Physical Pleasures right and wrong for them. Your caste’s duties Ahimsa: avoid doing harm to any living being Ex. Eating good food Strive for Well Being Make a good living with dignity Raise a family Run an honest business Cannot be only goal we seek Moksha Liberation from reincarnation Person’s souls becomes one with Brahman Live forever in state of joy 3 Paths to Moksha 1st Path: Way of Knowledge Brahmins True understanding of one’s soul 2nd Path: Way of Works Carrying out religious rituals and duties Good deeds without expectations 3rd Path: Way of Devotion Path of love Worship of Gods and goddesses Offerings to the Gods