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The French Revolution
Chapter 6
6.1 The Revolution Begins

Old Order
•
King Louis and wife Marie
Antoinette (Austria)
•
•
Spent to much $,
Divided into estates
1. First – Catholic clergy, 1%, no
taxes, some very wealthy
2. Second – nobility, 2%, important
positions in gov’t and military, few
taxes, large estates or king’s court
3. Third – largest, 97%,
•
•
•

bourgeoisie (merchants, factory
owners, pro’s),
sans culottes (artisans and workers)
peasants (farmed nobles land, pay
taxes, labor w/o pay
Inequality and Enlightenment
(Colonists) ideas inspired French
revolution
First Events of the Revolution
• 1789 – King calls Estates General
– (1st meeting in175 years)
• Each estate brought a list of grievances
• One vote each
• Third Estate –formed the National Assembly
• King locked them out of their meeting
• met in indoor tennis court – (tennis court oath)
• new constitution
• King sent troops to Paris and Versailles
• Members of National Assembly stormed the
Bastille to get weapons (symbol of French Rev.)
Storming of the Bastille
Creating a New Nation
• National Assembly (members of the 3rd Estate)
•
•
•
•
•
Removed First Estate’s privileges
Sold church land
Clergy public employees
Monarchs to commoners
Adopted Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Basic principle of revolution
– All men were equal and able to vote
• National Assembly, now controlled by radicals
• Elected new legislature  National Convention
• Abolished monarchy, created Republic
Declaration Rights of Man
Guillotine
• The new killing
machine
• pulley system with
a sharp razor
• 3rd Estate wanted
equality in death.
• Creator, Joseph
Guillotin, a doctor
who wanted a more
humane way to die.
6.2 The Republic:
A Radical Government
• Three men important roles in new gov’t
• all members of Mountain (Montagnards) political party
– Jean-Paul Marat
» Leader of the Paris Sans culottes
» One of the National Convention’s most
radical leaders
– George-Jacques Danton
» Beginning was radical, then compromise
» Opposed the violent excess
– Maximilien Robespierre
» Lead the National Convention
» Lead Committee of Public Safety
» Started the Reign of Terror
National
Convention
Girondins
Mountain
(Jacobins)
Most extreme
Made up of the
lower middle class
and the poor
Against Aboslute
Monarchy
(People in the
countryside)
Moderates
Did not want the
Paris
mob to have too
much control
Constitutional
Monarchy
Plain
(swing voters)
Supported the
Girondins but later
switched to the
Mountain
The end of the Monarchy
• National Convention placed Louis XVI on trial
– accused of treason-going against own country.
– January 23, 1793 guillotined
• Foreign troops deployed at French borders
– Fight against Austria and Prussia
• France transformed
–
–
–
–
no monarch
churches shut down
new religion – worship rev. not God
calendar – months renamed/10 day week
Committee of Public Safety
• 12 members lead by Robespierre
– Drafted 18-45 men, fight against counterrevolutionaries (Foreign countries)
• Set up Revolutionary Tribunal.
– Used scare tactics on peasants to gain information
– A counter-revolutionist-people rising up again the
French Rev.
– Secret police would stand in bread lines, listen for
gossip.
The Reign of Terror
(10 months)
During
• Anyone who opposed the
Revolution
• executions drew crowds daily
• Nobles, peasants, and
revolutionaries died
• 300,000 arrested
• 17,000 were killed
• One month in Paris 800 people
• Govt. too radical
End/After
• Robespierre would later
die because the majority
people wanted to end to
the killings
• The Directory (1795)
–
–
–
–
Run by 5 directors
Weak
Corrupt
When in 1799 Napoleon
seized power
The Reign of Terror
French Revolution Song
6.3 Napoleon
• Young man achieved
several military victories.
• Admiral Horatio Nelson,
commander of the British
navy, trapped Napoleon’s
ships in Egypt, Nile River.
(lied about losses)
• Became national hero.
• Napoleon would then mix
winning wars with govt.
• Asked to run the govt.
after the Committee of
Public Safety would
dissolve.
• Napoleon ruled like a
dictator, called himself
Emperor.
• Napoleon sold the
Louisiana Territory to the
United States.
Napoleonic Wars
• Great Britain was
France’s biggest
enemy.
• British navy
prevented Napoleon
from conquering all of
Europe.
• Continental SystemFrench and its allied
ships were not
allowed to trade with
Britain.
Napoleon’s Policies
• Recognized the Roman Catholic Church
• Established the Bank of France, and set
up an efficient way to collect taxes.
• Napoleon set up high schools, universities
and technical schools to educate young
men.
• Great sense of nationalism-feelings of
pride on one’s country.
6.4 Napoleon Falls
• Napoleon helped give
the French something
to support.
• France fought against
Austria, Prussia, and
Great Britain.
• These countries took
advantage of France,
during the French
Rev.
Napoleon’s Empire, 1812
Napoleon
• Napoleon attacks Russia
in1812 because of their
– increasing military
– decreasing support for
Continental System
• Napoleon had
– new recruits
– scarce resources
– could not find the
Russians
– Russians used the
scorched-earth policy
(burned everything down)
Napoleon’s defeat
– Russian city Moscow was in flames
– Russian winter and little food defeated
Napoleon's army – 600,000 94, 000
– October 1813 Battle of Nations
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain
– Napoleon surrendered in March 1814
– Exiled (forced to leave) to Elba, tiny
island of coast of Italy
The Last Campaigns
• Napoleon returns to Paris after one year
– France had returned to monarchy
– Louis XVIII – fled to Belgium
• March 20, 1815 – Hundred Days
– Battle of Waterloo
– British Duke of Wellington
• Dutch, German, Prussian help
– unsuccessful escape to America, exiled
to St. Helena, tiny island in the South
Atlantic
• Napoleon dies at age 51
The Congress of Vienna
• met to restore order in Europe
– change boundaries, strengthen nations France gave up
conquered territory and paid indemnity –fee to countries
damaged during war
– Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
• represented France on behalf of king
• made sure territory distributed fairly
– Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Austria, reactionary views – Europe before Napoleon
• Revolution’s Legacy
– nobility realized Enlightenment Ideas would not go away
– ideas inspired political movements around the world