Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Historiography of the French Revolution wikipedia , lookup
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord wikipedia , lookup
French Revolutionary Wars wikipedia , lookup
Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc wikipedia , lookup
Causes of the French Revolution wikipedia , lookup
War of the Fifth Coalition wikipedia , lookup
Reign of Terror wikipedia , lookup
Treaty of Amiens wikipedia , lookup
Hundred Days wikipedia , lookup
War of the Fourth Coalition wikipedia , lookup
RADICAL DAYS OF THE REVOLUTION Chapter 3.3 Guillotin 1792 The Monarchy is Abolished • In 1792, the Revolution became more violent. Radicals took control of the Assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body. They called themselves the National Convention. • The Convention voted to abolish the Monarchy and establish a Republic. Radical Jacobins seized control of nobles’ land and abolished their titles. • The Convention also put King Louis XVI on trial. He was convicted as a traitor and beheaded in January 1793. In October, Marie Antoinette was also executed. Beheading of Louis XVI in Place de la Revolution Conciergerie Prison Where Marie Antoinette was held Terror and Danger Grip France • By 1793, France was at war with much of Europe. Riots broke out all over France. In Paris, the sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages. • France was a nation in arms. From the port city of Marseilles, troops marched to a new song; it urged people to march against the “bloody banner of tyranny.” This song, “La Marseillaise” would later become the French National Anthem.” • To deal with threats to France, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, which had absolute power over the Revolution. They issued a mass levy (tax) to raise money for the war effort. • In 1793, the revolution entered a radical phase, one of the bloodiest regimes in its history. A shrewd politician, Maximilien Robespierre, became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. • Popular with radicals, but called a tyrant by others, he believed France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of terror. • Robespierre was the leader of the year long Reign of Terror. Courts conducted hasty trials and killed anyone who was suspected of resisting revolution. The engine of the Terror was the guillotine, also known as the “National Razor.” • Robespierre and the government also tried to de-Christianize France by creating a secular, or “non-religious” calendar. Dr. Joseph Guillotin Just read this; you don’t have to copy it! • 1819 Caricature by British artist George Cruikshank. Titled "The Radical's Arms,” it depicts the infamous guillotine. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner. • Within a year, the Terror consumed those who initiated it. The Convention turned on the committee of Public Safety and in July 1794, Robespierre was arrested and executed. After his death, executions slowed dramatically. Revolution Enters Its Third Stage • As the executions slowed, moderates wrote another constitution in 1795. It set up a Directory, with a two-house legislature which governed France. • In 1797, supporters of a constitutional monarchy won the majority of seats in the legislature. As chaos grew, politicians turned to a popular military hero, Napoleon Bonaparte. Revolution Brings Change • By 1799, the 10 year old Revolution had dramatically changed France. It had changed the old social order, overthrown the monarchy and brought the Church under state control. New symbols like the “tricolor” confirmed the liberty and equality of all male citizens. • Revolution and war gave the French people a sense of national identity. Nationalism, or a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country, spread throughout France and replaced loyalty to rulers. • Revolutionaries pushed for social reform and religious toleration. They set up state schools and organized social programs to help those in need. They also abolished slavery in France’s Caribbean colonies. Suffrage, or the right to vote, was granted to all male citizens. 3.4 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’etat Napoleon Rises to Power • When the Revolution broke out, Napoleon was an ambitious 20-year old lieutenant, eager to make a name for himself. Napoleon rose quickly in the army. He had several losses but hid them by establishing a network of spies and censoring the press. Success fueled his ambition. • By 1799, Napoleon moved from victorious general to political leader, helping overthrow the weak Directory. He set up a three-man governing board (The Consulate) and wrote a new Constitution. • In 1802 he took the title “First Consul” and had himself named “Consul” for life. Two years later, Napoleon assumed the title “Emperor.” • In 1803, his decision to sell France’s vast Louisiana Territory to the American government doubled the size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion. Napoleon Reforms France • Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the government. “Order, security and efficiency” replaced “liberty, equality and fraternity” as France’s slogan. • To restore economic prosperity, Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged new industry and built roads and canals. He set up gov’t schools to ensure well-trained officials and military officers. He won support across class lines & made peace with the Catholic Church. • One of Napoleon’s most important reforms was a new code of laws, the Napoleonic Code. It included Enlightenment principles, such as equality of all citizens, religious toleration and the ending of feudalism. • The code reversed some reforms of the French Revolution. Women lost most of their newly gained rights, including citizenship. Men had complete control over their wives and children. Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights. Napoleon Builds an Empire • Napoleon’s success on the battlefield helped his reputation. He took great risks and suffered huge losses. He annexed, or incorporated several countries into the French Empire. These conquests redrew the map of Europe & tripled the size of France. • In France, Napoleon’s successes boosted the spirit of Nationalism. Parades filled the streets of Paris while people celebrated the glory that Napoleon had gained for France. • Britain was the only major European country that remained outside of Napoleon’s empire. He tried to invade England in 1805 but the British Navy crushed them. • Napoleon then attacked Britain’s commerce and ability to trade. He waged economic warfare by closing European ports to British goods. This blockade was known as the Continental System and was ultimately a failure. Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • Many Europeans who welcomed ideas of the French Revolution resented Napoleon and saw his armies as foreign oppressors. Nationalism helped French armies succeed. But in other countries it worked against them, causing revolts against France. • Napoleon invaded Spain but they resisted French rule and remained loyal to the Spanish King. French troops responded with brutality, which intensified Spanish nationalism. • Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare, or hit-and-run raids. Spain also encouraged Austria to fight back against the French, but Napoleon triumphed! • Napoleon continued his pursuit of world domination and in September, 1812 invaded Russia with 600,000 soldiers. To avoid battles, the Russians retreated, burning crops and villages as they went. This scorched-earth policy left the French hungry and cold as Russia destroyed everything in their path. • Napoleon realized he wouldn’t be able to feed and supply his army through the winter. In October, he turned home. • The 1,000 mile retreat from Moscow was a battle for survival. Russian attacks and the brutal winter took a terrible toll. Less than 20,000 soldiers of the once proud “Grand Army” survived. Many died and others deserted. Napoleon’s reputation was shattered. Napoleon Falls From Power • The disaster in Russia brought a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia against a weakened France. In 1813, they defeated Napoleon in battle. • In 1814, Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down from power. He was exiled to an island in the Mediterranean. Louis XVIII, brother of King Louis XVI, was made King. Fears grew of a return to the prerevolutionary regime. • As fears grew, so did loyalty to Napoleon. As the victorious allies gathered for a peace conference, Napoleon escaped his island exile and returned to France. People cheered his return and Louis XVIII fled. In March, 1815 Napoleon entered Paris in triumph. • His triumph was short-lived. Just 100 days later, on June 18, 1815, opposing Allied armies met in Belgium. The British and Prussian forces crushed the French at the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon abdicated. • Napoleon died in 1821, but his legend lived on around the world. Was he the “Revolution on horseback,” as he claimed? Or was he a “traitor to the Revolution?” • No one questions his impact on France. He put in place the Napoleonic Code and a new Constitution. He expanded suffrage, property rights and education. His conquests spread the ideas of the Revolution world-wide and he sparked nationalist feelings across Europe. Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna • After Waterloo, diplomats met at the Congress of Vienna. They faced the task of restoring stability and order in Europe. Leaders met in 1814-1815 for 10 months. • Prince Metternich of Austria conducted most of the work, but the Congress wasn’t all work! They dined royally, danced, attended concerts, ballets and parties by their host, Emperor Francis I of Austria. • The chief goal of the Congress was to create a lasting peace in Europe by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of Monarchy. Metternich wanted to restore things the way they were before Napoleon. • Peacemakers also redrew the map of Europe. Belgium and Luxemburg were added to Holland to create the “Netherlands.” • To restore things back to 1792, the Congress promoted the idea of legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. Monarchs in Spain, Portugal and Italy were reinstated. • Austria, Russia, Prussia and England agreed to work together toward peace and to prevent future revolutions, especially in France. • Another result of the Congress of Vienna was a system known as the Concert of Europe, in which leaders met periodically to discuss problems affecting peace in Europe. • The Congress achieved their goal of creating lasting peace and they influenced European politics for the next 100 years. Europe would not see another large-scale war until 1914. (WWI) They failed, however, to foresee how nationalism would shake the foundations of Europe & Latin America in the next decades. Napoleon Bonaparte’s Tomb, Invalides Museum, Paris