Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Review Hint game Patriarchal • • • • Men as hunters Men as traders and warriors Men as head of family Societal Structure River Valleys • • • • Yellow Indus Nile Where we find the earliest agricultural societies Mesopotamia • • • • Sumer Babylonians In present day Iraq “between the rivers” Pastoralism • Fertile crescent goats • Typically nomadic • Horse peoples on the Asian steppe City-state • • • • Sumer Sparta Maya Political structure: independent cities that had their own legal and social structure Bronze Age • • • • • Minoans Hittites Shang Ancient Egypt Age that predated the Iron Age Hammurabi • Ancient King of the Akkadians • Law codes based on class Phoenicians • Carthage • Sea People • Alphabet Nubians • Connected Egypt to interior of Africa • Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black Pharaohs of Egypt” • Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as Meroe • People of the bow Diffusion • • • • Spread of ideas Spread of diseases Spread of… well, everything Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W. Africa to all reaches of subSaharan Africa Minoans • • • • Inhabited the Aegean Bronze Age civ Flush toilets Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their capitol of Knossos on Crete Iron Age • Assyrians • First to initiate were the Hittites • An age that first started with the Mycenaens • Democratized metallurgy… but an age Alexander the Great • • • • Macedonian Father was Phillip II Educated by Aristotle Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him) • Hellenized Persia • Started the Greek Hellenistic Age Hellenism • Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean • Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology • Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East • “Like Greece” Classical Empires • Before 600BCE • Empires with strong militaries and centralized governments • All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the Asian Steppe • Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta Rome • Kingdom, Republic, Empire • Italy • City-state that grows to conquer most of Western Europe and the Mediterranean • Split in two • Defeated by barbarians Mediterranean Trade • Network on the Roman Lake • Carthage and Rome attempt to control it Punic Wars • Rome vs Phoenicians… • Phoenician Carthage, that is • 2nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and his elephants • Third war Rome devastated Carthage Augustus • • • • Adopted heir of Julius Caesar Octavian First emperor of Rome More stringent laws and focus on family values (Pater-familias) • Ushers in the Pax Romana Pax Romana • Ushered in by Augustus • Roman Peace • Empire had expanded enough to create buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants Athens • • • • • Greek city-state Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Early democracy Defeated the Persians at Marathon Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground… but then rebuild it. Marathon • • • • Persian vs. Greek Athenian victory Angers Persia Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an attempt to defeat the Greeks Maurya Empire • Founder may have met Alexander • Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to the rise of the Maurya Celts • First peoples to settle Europe • Settled a land called Gual • Eventually will make their way North to Ireland Dynastic Cycle • Continuation of norms in China • From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang to Song… • Probably the main reason that the fall of Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China • Round and round she goes… Zhou • Dynasty constantly at war • Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled, kingdoms were warring) • Warring States period (kingdoms banded together to form states and kept on fighting) • Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my! Qin • United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times) • Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China) • Dynasty that followed Zhou Han • Strong centralized government • Bureaucrats placed in high positions • Strong military to defend their northern frontiers • Founded by Liu Bang • Dynasty that followed the Qin • Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led to their downfall Vedic Age • Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period • Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) • Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and Dravidian languages • Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste system Caste System • India • Reinforced by Hinduism… especially reincarnation • Rejected by Buddhism • Class system Constantinople • • • • Earlier known as Byzantium City on the Bosporus First Roman Christian City Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) • Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul • Founded by Constantine Diaspora • Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE). • Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean • Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East • Means dispersion Gupta • • • • Classical Empire India Theater State Defeated by White Huns The Huns • • • • From the Asian Steppe Pastoral nomads Pushed German tribes into Europe Attila Germanization • During and after the fall of Rome • People groups entering Europe at the end of the Classical Age • Changed the culture and structure of Europe: from Latin to German Olmec • • • • Americas (Mesoamerica) Mother Culture Big Heads Were-jaguars and sacrifices Dao • • • • Belief system in China The Way Harmony between humanity and nature Founded by Laozi Apostle Paul • Roman Citizen • Spread Christianity • Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome Legalism • Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou • Ideas embraced by the Qin • Men need strict laws and strict leaders to function well in society Judaism • Belief system with origin in the Middle East • Dualism • Covenant between Hebrew people and God • Abraham is the patriarch Confucianism • • • • • China Response to Warring States Period Social Harmony Created strict social hierarchy Examination system was based on these ideals Hinduism • • • • India Polytheism Aryan origins Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs along with the Vedas • Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E. Asia Buddhism • Indian Origin • Response to Caste System and reincarnation • Rejected by India • Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E. Asia • Rejected by the Tang Dynasty • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Christianity • Middle Eastern Origin • During the Roman Empire • Paul and others spread this belief system through the Eastern Mediterranean • Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and later Protestantism Islam • • • • • Middle Eastern Origin Arabian Peninsula Mecca Founder: Muhammad Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and Spain in the 7th and 8th Centuries • Spreads across the Indian Ocean • Acheh Sultanate Byzantine Empire • • • • • • Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Roman Empire Justinian and Theodora Defeated the Muslims in 717 Influenced Kiev, then Russia Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror) Justinian • • • • • Eastern Roman Emperor Regained N. Africa and Rome Plague ravaged his Empire Wife was a former “dancer” He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy taxation, ended in the slaughter of the rebel leaders) Indian Ocean Trade • Trade Network • Becomes the most important trade network in the 8th C. • Engines of trade were India and China • Trade entrepots found throughout • Trade Diasporas • Arabic becomes the dominant trade language Great Schism • Split in Christianity • East vs. West • Question that caused the split: Who should be head of the church? • Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic Mongols • • • • Pastoralists Opened trade from E. to W. Extended the silk routes Allowed for diffusion of goods, technologies and disease • Conquered or controlled most of the people in Eurasia • Established the Yuan Dynasty • Defeated by Japan…twice Eastern Orthodox • • • • Looks Greek Starts in Constantinople Emperor is political and religious head Kiev takes on this form of Christianity, which will continue East into Russia Feudalism • • • • • • Social hierarchy Middle Ages Europe 15th C. Japan knights=samurai Pyramid Structure Begins to die in Europe following the Black Death Swahili • Language • Trade language • East African Coast Gunpowder • • • • • Began in China Weaponized by Song Utilized effectively by Mongols Brought to Europe by Mongols European enhancement in this gave them an upper hand throughout the world • Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur Tang • • • • • • China Capital Chang’an Tributary states Empress Wu (bodhisattva) Rejection of Buddhism After Sui, before Song Ghana • • • • Empire in West Africa Means land of gold Captured by the Arabs Becomes predominantly Muslim Mali • • • • Followed Ghana West Africa Mansu Musa Great trade City: Timbuktu Bodhisattvas • Mahayana Buddhism • Empress Wu of the Tang • Buddhists who stay behind to help others find nirvana Song • • • • China Great manufacturing capacity Defeated by the Mongols Followed the Tang Venitians • Trade city • Avoided the pitfalls of other European cities during the “Dark Ages” • Monopolized trade flowing into Europe • Chief competitor was the Ottoman Empire • City in Italy (the armpit of Italy) Yuan • • • • • • Dynasty in China Paper money Reunited China (once again) Strengthened the economy Founded by Kublai Mongol Dynasty in China Timur • • • • • • Created his empire in the Middle East Followed in the shadow of the Mongols Emerged from a “power vacuum” Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis Defeated the Delhi Sultanate Laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire • Had a bad leg Ming • • • • China Defeated the Mongols Kicked out the Yuan Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on huge treasure junks • Defeated by the Manchu Aztec • • • • • • • Mexican people Migrated south to Lake Texcoco Chief god was huitzilopochtli Capital: Tenochtitlan Used chinampas for agriculture Blood sacrifices were a part of life Defeated by Cortes Delhi Sultanate • India • Followed the power vacuum left by the Gupta • Brought Islamic rule to India • Initially brutal, but later benign • Defeated by Timur Southernization • After the fall of Rome • Trade and power shifts towards the Middle East and Asia • Indian ocean becomes most important trade network Renaissance • Rebirth • …of Classical Age • Muslims …Scholars in Baghdad save Greco-Roman writings • Florence, then North • Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the Medici Ibn Battuta • • • • Traveler Moroccan Dar al Islam May have made it to the Chinese Court (but probably not) Vikings • • • • Northern Europe Raiders Reached height during the 9th C Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in France and parts of present day UK • Located and inhabited Iceland • Found the Americas (Newfoundland) • Eirik the Red Black Death • • • • • • Diffusion Mongols and Caffa blamed Yersina Pestis It is the rat’s fault! 1/3 of Europe wiped out Gave peasants more power Pax Mongolica • • • • Mongols Merchants could travel safely Wars on the Asian steppe halted Mongol Peace Dar al Islam • Areas of Islam • Home of Islam • Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled Safavid • Gunpowder Empire • Shi’ite • Iran Columbus • • • • • Italian Sails for Spain Crusader mentality 1492 Thought he was in India Spanish Empire • • • • • • Charles V Armada Conquerors of the New World silver Philip II Decline following 1588 Treaty of Tordesillas • Portugal and Spain • Agreement • Split the Atlantic Small Pox • Disease • From cows • Decimated the New World population Enconmienda • Forced labor system • Employed by Inca • Later used by Spanish to force individuals to work the silver mines Armed Trading • Started when Da Gama entered the Indian Ocean • Common place in the Mediterranean • Using force to control trade lanes Silver Trade • Gave Europe access to East Asian Markets • Financed European wars • Potosi played key role • Manila Galleons Mercantilism • Control precious metals markets • Horde wealth to strengthen military • Economic policy employed by European nations Sugar • • • • • Caribbean islands Monoculture Triangle trade Byproduct Molasses Rum Rum for Slaves Plantation Complex • • • • • Monoculture Slave labor Cotton, sugar, tobacco South America, Caribbean, Southern US White owners ruling over slaves Protestant Reformation • Response • Response to indulgences • Response to Catholic emphasis on good works • Martin Luther • Split in European christianity Anglican Church • England • Protestantism in England • Established when Henry VIII wanted a divorce • Church of England Enlightenment • Thinkers who argued against absolutism • Right of the people • Influenced the late 18th C. early 19th C. Revolutions • Voltaire • John Locke • Jean Jacque Rousseau Scientific Revolution • • • • European Astronomy Galileo Copernican universe Jamestown • Colony • British • First successful colony for the British in the New World • John Smith • Cannibalism and the starving time monoculture • One crop • Sugar, tobacco, cotton • plantation Da Gama • • • • Portuguese Made his way into the Indian Ocean Started armed trading Attacked East African Coast and West India Capitalism • • • • Investing capital Banks Free trade Anti-socialism Songhai • • • • West Africa Followed Mali Muslim Defeated by European equipped Moroccan force in 1591