Download The Aftermath of World War I

The Aftermath of World War I
The War to end all
wars?????
Treaty of Versailles
• Element: Explain the major decisions made in
the Versailles Treaty; include German
reparations and the mandate system that
replaced Ottoman control.
• Vocabulary: mandate system, Treaty of
Versailles
Russia Taps Out!
• March 1917, food and
fuel shortages in Russia
forced Czar Nicholas to
give up power.
• The Russian people
were tired of fighting,
and the army refused to
fight any longer. (5.5
million casualties)
A Failed Final Push
• Germany can now fight
on one front.
• March 1918, Germany
launched a major
offensive on the Allies
and by May were 40
miles from Paris.
Central Powers Collapse
• Allies launched a
counterattack against a
weakened Germany.
• 2 million U.S. soldiers
aid allied advance at the
Second Battle of Marne.
Armistice
• Austria-Hungary had a
revolution and
surrendered.
• Germans turned on the
Kaiser and declared a
republic.
• Armistice- agreement to
end fighting, signed on
11-11-1918.
Let’s Summarize…
• This country pulled out of the war due to food
shortages and massive casualties.
• This country reinforced the allies with millions
of troops and helped push the Germans back.
• Explain what an armistice is.
• After learning about WWI, would you say that the war was
completely Germany’s fault?
• What is the purpose of a peace treaty?
“The day must come when a German government shall
summon up the courage to declare to the foreign powers: The
Treaty of Versailles is founded on a monstrous lie. We fulfill
nothing more. Do what you will! If you want battle, look for
it!”
-Adolf Hitler
The Big 4
• Group of leaders known
as the Big Four dominate
peace talks:
• Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
• Georges Clemenceau
(France)
• David Lloyd George (Great
Britain)
• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
• Germany was not
represented.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• speech presented to
Congress
• fourteen solutions to
create a lasting peace in
Europe
• end secret alliances and
militarism
• proposed development
of the League of
Nations
Let’s Summarize…
• Who was not invited to the peace talks?
• What was the name of President Wilson’s
peace proposal?
The Treaty of Versailles
• Britain, France oppose
Wilson’s ideas; want to
punish Germany
• Allies, Germany sign
the, Treaty of Versailles,
in June 1919
• Wilson’s only
contribution was the
League of Nations
Germany’s Punishment
• Germany signed a war
guilt clause, that placed
100% of the blame on
them
• Germany had to pay 33
billion dollars in war
reparations, and lost
much of their territory
Military Restrictions
• Limits set on the size of the German army
• Germany prohibited from importing or
manufacturing weapons or war material
• Germany forbidden to build or buy
submarines or have an air force
• Rhineland was established as a demilitarized
zone
Territorial Loses
• Germany returned Alsace-Lorraine to France
• French border extended to west bank of Rhine
River
• Germany surrendered all of its overseas
colonies in Africa and the pacific
Europe Before and After WWI
Development of New Nations
Austria-Hungary:
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia recognized as independent nations
Russia:
• Romania and Poland both gained Russian
land. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,
formerly Russia, became independent nations
Let’s Summarize…
• What country did the Treaty of Versailles have
the biggest impact on?
• What is a war guilt clause and who signed it?
• Describe the ways in which Germany was
punished.
Mandate System
Description:
• territories of the Central powers fell under the
control of an Allied Power, instead of being
granted independence
Example:
• France = Lebanon and Syria
• Great Britain = Iraq and Palestine (modern-day
Israel)
Mandate System
Results:
• seen as a betrayal by many in these Arab
nations and served to instill bitterness against
the West in many parts of the Middle East
• Ottoman Empire retained only land in Anatolia
League of Nations
Description:
• proposed by President Wilson in his message
known as the “Fourteen Points”
• fourteenth point was the creation of a League
of Nations
League of Nations
Purpose:
• international peace organization
• to provide a place where countries could
peacefully discuss solutions to their
differences rather than go to war
League of Nations
Issues:
• enemy and neutral nations initially excluded
• Germany and Russia excluded
• the United States did not join the League
• without any means to enforce its decisions
• proved powerless to stop the onset of a
second world war
Let’s Summarize…
• Explain what the League of Nations is.
Opening The Door For WWII
• Treaty of Versailles
created feelings of
bitterness on both sides
• German people feel
hatred after taking
blame for war
Reaction to Treaty
• America never signs
Treaty of Versailles
because they didn’t
support the League of
Nations.
• “A peace built on
quicksand.”
Reaction to Treaty
Africans & Asians:
• Angered at lack of
independence
Italy & Japan:
• Disappointment at lack
of territory gained
So why agree to the treaty?
• There were many in
Germany who did not
want to accept the
treaty, but the only
alternative was to start
fighting again.
Let’s Summarize…
• Who refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles?
• Why did America refuse to ratify the treaty?
• What term describes the concept of money
losing its value?
Destabilization of Europe
• Element: Analyze the destabilization of Europe
in the collapse of the great empires; include
the Romanov and Hapsburg dynasties.
• Vocabulary: Hapsburg Dynasty, Romanov
Dynasty
Destabilization of Europe
Description:
• European monarchies being replaced with
democratic governments
Examples:
• Germany with the creation of the Weimar
Republic
• Russia, Austria, Spain
Romanov Dynasty
Russian Decline:
• technology was not as advanced, and lacked modern
industrialization
• not prepared for war, poor, and many peasants were
starving
• the fighting only took away more money and food
from citizens to support the war effort
• millions of Russians, both soldiers and civilians,
suffered and died
• people of all classes began calling for change in the
Russian government
Romanov Dynasty
The Russian Revolution:
• in 1917
• began as strikes among the lower working classes
• Czar Nicholas II ordered troops to put down the
uprisings
• many of his soldiers switched sides and joined
the rebellious crowds
• on March 12, Nicholas II abdicated his throne
Hapsburg Dynasty
Austrian Decline:
• ruled much of Europe since the tenth century
• defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary
• fell from power with a Revolution
Outcome:
• replaced with a democratic government
• Several nations will develop as a result to include
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
Hapsburg Dynasty
Spain:
• will continue to rule until 1931
• economic crisis that will engulf the world after
World War I will aid in the fall of the Spanish
Hapsburg’s
• will be replaced with an elective government
Let’s summarize …
• Why was Europe less “stable” (destabilized)
following World War I?
Global Impact of World War I
• Political and economic instability during the
postwar years, combined with the resentment
felt by the German people towards the Treaty
of Versailles, eventually led Europe back into
war within just a few years.
Let’s Summarize …
• So, ultimately, what’s the global impact of
World War I?