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Chapter 8- Notes
The Jefferson Era
The “Revolution of 1800”
• John Adams ran for a 2nd term as
the Federalist candidate for
President. Charles Pickney (from
SC) was his VP candidate.
• The Republicans chose Jefferson
and Aaron Burr (VP)
The “Revolution of 1800”
• Elections were much different that they
are today.
• It was considered to be in “bad taste”
for candidates to campaign
themselves.
• Instead their supporters and friends
wrote letters to leading citizens and to
friendly newspapers.
• The letter writing campaign turned
“ugly”
The “Revolution of 1800”
• Federalist charged Jefferson, the
scientist and philosopher who also
believed in freedom of religion, as
being “godless” and wanting to destroy
organized religion.
• Republicans said that the Federalists
wanted to restore the monarchy and
that they only had the interests of the
wealthy in mind.
The “Revolution of 1800”
• When the Electoral College votes were
counted Jefferson and Burr each
had 73 votes. Adams (68) and
Pickney (67) and John Jay (1).
• It would be up to the House of
Representatives to break the tie
and chose the next president.
• Many Federalists saw this as a possible
way to block Jefferson from becoming
president.
The “Revolution of 1800”
• For 35 ballots, the election
remained tied.
• Finally, at Hamilton’s urging (this
would later cost Hamilton his life), one
Federalist decided not to vote for
Burr.
• Jefferson became President, and
Burr Vice-President.
Why is the election of 1800
sometimes referred to as the
Revolution of 1800?
The “Revolution of 1800”
• The election of 1800 is sometimes
referred to as the “Revolution of 1800”
because it marked for one of the
few times in the history of the
world when one political faction
peacefully gained control of the
government that was in power.
• There were no bloody coups or
reprisals…just votes.
Jefferson’s Inauguration
• TJ wore everyday clothes and walked
to the Senate to be sworn in.
• Adams slipped away the night before
so he would not be in attendance.
• TJ, in his speech, tried to reach out to
the Federalists. (We are Republicans,
we are all Federalists)
• He laid out his plans for a wise and
frugal government which supported
state governments.
Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government
• TJ believed in reducing the size of the
federal government. (French
philosophy of laissez-faire- let the
people do as they chose).
• TJ believed that the strength of the US
was its independent farmers.
• As long as people owned their own
property, they would fight to protect
their rights and defend the republic.
Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government
• For this reason, TJ also favored
expanding the country west.
• He believed the federal government
should be kept small.
• He distrusted standing armies and
wanted to reduce the size of the
military.
Jefferson’s Cabinet
• TJ surrounded himself with people who
shared his Republican values.
• Sec. of State- James Madison (his
friend and fellow Virginian)
• Sec. of Treasury- Albert Gallatin
(from PA, he had a grasp of finances
that rivaled Hamilton’s)
Jefferson’s Actions
• Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts
to expire and repealed the
Naturalization Act (hated
Federalists policies)
• To reduce the national debt the
Federalists had left behind:
1. Cut the army by 1/3; reduced
navy ships from 25 to 7
2. repealed all internal taxes (incl.
whiskey tax)
Jefferson’s Actions
• Government funds would only come
from tariffs and from the sale of
western lands.
• The federal government in 1801
consisted only of a few hundred
people.
• Its duty was to delivering the mail,
collecting tariffs, and conducting a
census (population count) every 10
years.
LA#2 ASSESSMENT
Many times politician running for office make claims
about how things will change once they are elected.
Politician will also state what they intend to change or
make better in a speech called their “inauguration
address.” Read and discuss with your shoulder
partner “Primary Source: Jefferson’s Inaugural
Address” on page 268. Make a list of the
Democratic- Republican ideals expressed in his
address. After reading the section, give Jefferson a
“report card grade” on his performance during his first
term based on these ideals.
Jefferson and the Courts
• Before TJ took office, the Federalists
passed the Judiciary Act of 1801
which set up 16 regional courts.
• In the final few hours of his
presidency, John Adams hurried to
appoint Federalists judges to these
positions.
• When TJ took office on March 4th a few
of these had not been delivered. TJ
ordered them not to be delivered.
Jefferson and the Courts
• One of the commissions not delivered
was addressed to Wm. Marbury.
• To force the delivery, Marbury took his
case directly to the Supreme Court.
• Marbury v. Madison established
the principle of judicial review in
which the judicial branch could
nullify laws that went against the
Constitution.
The Louisiana Purchase (8-2)
• Americans in the West depended
on the Mississippi River to get their
goods to market in the East.
• In 1795, Spain signed the Pickney
Treaty agreeing to allow the US free
navigation of the Miss. R and the right
to trade at New Orleans.
• In 1802, Spain began to refuse to
abide by the terms of the treaty.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Later in 1802, the US confirmed their
suspicion that Spain had made a
secret deal sending the Louisiana
Territory back to France.
• France’s leader, Napoleon, had
dreams of empire not only in Europe
but in North America as well.
• French ownership of the LT alarmed TJ.
The Louisiana Purchase
• TJ authorized Robert Livingston, the
new minister to France, to spend up
to $10 million to buy New Orleans
from the French.
• In the meantime, a slave revolt in
Haiti led by Toussaint Louverture
overthrew French rule and
Napoleon’s dream of empire in
North America.
The Louisiana Purchase
• France needing money in their war
with Britain decided they wanted to
sell the whole LT to the Americans.
They offered to sell it to the US for
$15 million.
• This was a too good of a deal to pass
up and Livingston readily agreed.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Problem #1: Livingston was not
authorized to spend this much.
• Problem #2: The Constitution did not
give the president the authority to
purchase lands.
• Problem #3: TJ and the Republicans
believed in a strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• THE DEAL went through anyway.
(treaty)
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• The lands west of the Mississippi River were
virtually unexplored in 1804.
• TJ sent Merriwether Lewis and William
Clark to lead an expedition of discovery on
3/14/1804 (departed St. Louis)
• L&C were sent on a scientific expedition
and to see if a river water route to the
Pacific existed. They kept journals of the
plants and animals they encountered, kept
maps, and maintained friendly relations
with the Native Americans they
encountered.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Travelling against the current on the
Missouri River was difficult.
• Sacagawea help serve as their guide.
• After a 4,000 mile journey they finally
arrived at the Pacific Ocean (11/7/1805)
• They spent the winter at Fort Clatsop
and returned home the following
Spring reaching St. Louis on 9/23/1806
Zebulon Pike
• Even before LC returned home, TJ sent
Zebulon Pike to explore some of the
southern parts of Louisiana Purchase.
• Pike explored in the area of presentday Colorado.
Federalists Plan to Secede
• Many Federalist opposed the
Louisiana Purchase.
• They feared that the new states
carved out of this new territory would
be pro-Republican.
• A group of Federalists in
Massachusetts plotted to secede–
or withdraw– from the United States.
• They wanted New England to form a
separate “Northern Confederacy”
Federalists Plan to Secede
• The plotters realized that they would
need to include New York in their
plans if they were to succeed.
• They turned to Aaron Burr, who had
been cast aside by the Republicans for
his refusal to withdraw from the 1800
election.
• The Federalists supported Burr in
his 1804 bid for governor of New
York.
Burr and Hamilton
• AH had never trusted Burr. Now, he was
hearing rumors that Burr if elected would
lead NY out of the union.
• Hamilton accused Burr of treason.
• When Burr lost the election he blamed
Hamilton and challenged him to a duel.
• The two met in July 1804 in New Jersey. In
the duel, Hamilton was seriously wounded
and died the next day.
• Burr fled to avoid arrest.
QUIZ 8- 1 &2
1. In 1800, where did the US territory
end in the west?
2. What man was conspicuously absent
at TJ’s inauguration?
3. What group did TJ believe was the
strength of the US?
4. After TJ got Congress to repeal
internal taxes there were 2 sources of
income for the US. Name one (5 pts
ec if you name both)
QUIZ
5. Name the French leader who had
plans for empire in Europe and North
America.
6. The Louisiana Purchase did what to
the size of the US?
7. How much did the US pay for the
Louisiana?
8. How much per acre?
Quiz
9. In the early months, what river did
Lewis and Clark travel?
10.Name the Shoshone woman who
served as their guide.
11. How long did it take LC to return to
St. Louis? (+/- 3 months)
12.Name the person who explored
Colorado
Quiz
13. Name the African-American on the
Lewis and Clark expedition.
14. Aaron Burr blamed Hamilton for his
losing two elections. Name the year
and office he was seeking for one of
them. (5 pts ec if you name both)
15. In what state, did the Hamilton-Burr
duel take place.
War with Tripoli (8-3)
• In the early 1800’s, Americans enjoyed
prosperous trade with countries around
the world.
• Sailing in foreign seas was not without
danger. In the Mediterranean Sea, for
example, ships had to be on guard for
pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary
Coast states of North Africa.
• For years, these Barbary pirates
demanded a tribute, or protection
money, from ships sailing in these
waters.
War with Tripoli
• The US paid this tribute money too.
• When the rulers of Tripoli demanded
more money, President Jefferson
refused to pay.
• America declared war and sent the
navy to blockade.
• The Constitution (44 gun), President
(44 gun), The Philadelphia (36 gun)
and the Essex and Enterprise.
War with Tripoli
• It truly was not much of a war.
• The US broke the back of the Barbary
pirates and a peaceful settlement was
reached with the leader of Tripoli.
• Tripoli agreed not to demand tributes
and the US paid a $60,000 ransom for
the release of American prisoners.
• The War with Tripoli showed the
world the US was willing and able
to defend her interests.
Election of 1804
POPULAR VOTE
JEFFERSON 73%
PICKNEY
27%
France and England
• With France and England at war again, the
US tried to remain neutral.
• By 1805, both sides had lost patience with
American neutrality.
• Britain blockaded the French coast and
announced that it search all ships
trading with France. (Orders in Council)
• France later announced it would search
and seize all ships trading with Britain.
France and England
• The British navy was in desperate
need of sailors.
• The British navy began searching
American ships looking for and
taking sailors that had deserted from
the British navy.
• While they did find some of these
sailors, they also impressed
thousands of natural born and
naturalized American citizens.
The Chesapeake
• Quite often, British warships lie in wait for
American ships leaving American ports.
• In June 1807, off the coast of Virginia, the
British ship Leopard demanded to board
the American naval ship the
Chesapeake to look for British sailors.
• When the American captain refused, the
Leopard opened fire killing 4, wounding 17,
and crippling the ship.
The Chesapeake
• Americans reacted with an antiBritish fury not seen since the
American Revolution.
• Many Americans, including Secretary
of State James Madison, demanded
war against Britain.
• President Jefferson did not intend
for the British action to go unanswered
but he sought a course of action
other than war.
The Embargo Act
• Britain impressment of American
sailors and violation of their neutral
rights led Jefferson to pass the
Embargo Act.
• An embargo prohibits trade with
another country.
• Although Britain was the target of the
Embargo Act, the act itself prohibited
trade with ALL foreign countries.
The Embargo Act
• Jefferson wanted to prevent Americans
from using other countries as gobetweens in trading with Britain.
• Jefferson hoped to hurt Britain while
avoiding war.
• The Embargo Act of 1807 was a
disaster. It all but wiped out
American commerce and Britain
simply traded with Latin America
for its agricultural products.
Non –Intercourse Act
• The Embargo Act had clearly not
worked and it was repealed.
• In its place, Congress adopted the
Non-Intercourse Act which forbid
trading with Britain, France or any
of their possessions.
• It was no more popular or
successful than the Embargo Act.
Economic Decline: EXPORTS
Jefferson Leaves Office and
the Election of 1808
• Following GW’s precedent, TJ decided not to
seek a 3rd term.
• The Republicans chose James Madison
as their candidate.
• The Federalists chose Charles Pickney.
The Federalists hoped that anger over
the Embargo Act would help their party.
• The Federalists received support in New
England but little elsewehere
• Madison won 122-47
War Fever
• James Madison did not take office
under the most favorable conditions.
• At home and abroad, the nation was
mired in the embargo crisis.
Meanwhile, Britain continued to claim
the right to stop American ships.
• The cries for war grew louder and
louder.
War Fever
• In 1810, Congress passed a law
allowing trade with Britain or
France, depending on which
country would lift its trade
restrictions with America.
• Napoleon seized the opportunity and
promised to end France’s trade
restrictions.
• Unfortunately for Madison, Napoleon
lied and continued to seize
American ships.
War Fever
• It seemed the nation was on the verge
of war. But the nation was deeply
divided on who we should declare war
against…France or Britain?
• Madison knew that Napoleon had
tricked him but he continued to see
Britain as the bigger threat.
Frontier Problems
• Indians in the Ohio River Valley had
given up millions of acres of land.
• Settlers kept moving onto Indian
lands given to the Indians by
treaty.
• Several tribes began renewing
their fur contracts with British
agents in Canada.
• Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, built a
strong confederation of Native
American nations.
Frontier Problems
• Tecumseh believed that with the backing
of the British in Canada this alliance could
put a halt to the whites movement onto
Indian lands.
• Tecumseh had great political skills and a
powerful ally in his brother, The Prophet.
• The Prophet urged NAs to give up
things they had learned or gotten from
the whites (dress, plows, firearms,
whiskey) and return to the ways of
their ancestors.
Frontier Problems
• The American governor of the Indian
Territory, Gen. William Henry Harrison,
was alarmed by the growing unity of the
Indians and their possible alliance with
Britain.
• Letters to Tecumsheh and his reply
• WHH attacks Prophetstown on the
Tippecanoe River. WHH becomes a national
hero and the word “Tippecanoe” is forever
attached with his name.
• Unintended consequences: Tecumseh/British
War Hawks
• Pres. Madison faced growing demands
for a more aggressive policy
towards Britain.
• The most insistent voices came from a
new group of Republicans elected
to Congress in 1810 known as the
War Hawks.
• The War Hawks came from the South
and the West. They pressured JM to
declare war on Britain.
War Hawks
•
•
•
•
wanted to avenge British actions
eager to expand the nation’s power
renewed sense of patriotism
Leaders: Henry Clay (KY-west)
John C. Calhoun (SC-south)
• Canada, Florida?
• urged major military spending (army 4x
larger)
• Federalists opposed war.
Declaring War
• By the Spring of 1812, JM considered
war with Britain “inevitable”
• asked Congress for a declaration of
war
• Britain had decided to end its policy
of search and seizure of American
ships
• News travels s-l-o-w
• The war machine could not be stopped.
The War of 1812 (8-4)
• War of 1812 explained (You Tube
video)
• Despite renewed patriotism, America
was unprepared for war
• Regular army = 7,000
• 50-100,000 state militia (poorly
trained and some states did not
support the war, esp. in NE)
• underestimated the strength of
Britain and her NA allies
The War of 1812 begins
• July 1812, Gen. Wm. Hull led the
American army from Detroit into
Canada.
• He was met by Tecumseh/British.
• Surrendered Detroit
• Another attempt by Gen. Wm Henry
Harrison also proved unsuccessful
• Canada could not be invaded as
long as the British controlled Lake
Erie.
Naval Battles
• Oliver Hazard Perry was given the
order to assemble a fleet and defeat
the British on Lake Erie.
• “We have met the enemy, and he
is ours”
War of 1812
• With Lake Erie in American hands, we
pushed forward.
• British and NAs tried to pull back to
Canada from Detroit but were met by
Gen. WHH
• Tecumseh killed (Battle of
Thames)
• Americans attacked York, Canada
(present-day Toronto) burning the
Parliament buildings
War of 1812
• Canada remained unconquered
• by 1813, America had won some
important land and sea victories
The Navy
• During TJ, the Republicans had
reduced the size of the Navy
• Even so, the US boasted 3 of the
fastest frigates (warships) afloat.
• USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”)
• American privateers (armed private
ships) staged spectacular attacks and
captured numerous vessels
Setbacks for Native Americans
• With Tecumseh dead, the hopes of a
NA confederation died also.
• March 1814, a Tennessee planter by
the name of Andrew Jackson
attacked the Creeks in the SE.
• Jackson slaughtered 550 Creeks at
the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
breaking the Creek resistance and
forcing them to give most of their
land to the US
British Offensive
• In the Spring of 1814, Britain
defeated Napoleon ending the war
with France.
• Britain now turned its sights toward
the US
• In August 1814, the British sailed into
the Chesapeake Bay
• Destination: Washington, DC
British Offensive
• Britain invaded Washington and
burned the Capitol and the
President’s mansion (White
House)
• To everyone’s surprise the British did
not occupy WDC
• They marched north toward
Baltimore
British Offensive
• Baltimore was ready for the British
• Barricaded roads
• Blocked the harbor
• 13,000 militia
• Determined defense, ferocious
bombardment from Ft. McHenry
(Francis Scott Key, “Star-Spangled
Banner”)
British defeat @ Plattsburgh
• In the North, British Gen. Sir George
Prevost led more than 10,000 British
troops into NY from Canada.
• British goal: Capture Plattsburgh, a
key city on Lake Champlain
• Americans defeated the British
fleet (Sept. 1814)
• British retreat back to Canada
The War Ends
• After their loss @ Plattsburgh, the
British decided the war in North
America was too costly and
unnecessary.
• The Treaty of Ghent (1814; Ghent,
Belgium) did not change any
existing borders, neutral rights were
a dead issue, no mention of
impressment in treaty.
The War Ends... or does it?
• News travels s-l-o-w
• One final, ferocious battle—The
Battle of New Orleans
• In Dec 1814, British troops moved
toward New Orleans
• Awaiting behind earthen fortifications
was the American army led by
Andrew Jackson.
The Battle of New Orleans
• On January 6, 1815, the British
troops advanced.
• The British were no match for the
Americans hiding behind cotton bales.
• In a short—but decisive– battle over
2,000 British soldiers were killed or
wounded compared to just 70
Americans.
• Andrew Jackson became a national
hero.
American Nationalism
• New England’s Federalists had opposed
“Mr. Madison’s War” from the beginning
• In Dec. 1814, they gathered in Connecticut
at the Hartford Convention
• A few favored secession
• Most wanted to remain in the Union
• To protect their interests, they drew up a
lists of proposed amendments to the
Constitution.
Federalists lose respect
• After the Convention, news of
Jackson’s victory @ New Orleans,
followed by news of the peace treaty.
• The Federalists grievances seemed
inappropriate.
• The party lost respect
• Americans were proud and selfconfident.
• The new nation gained respect from
other nations
The “new” Republicans
• Although the Federalist party was
weakened, their philosophy of a strong
national government was carried on by
the “new Republicans” (see War
Hawks)
• favored trade, western expansion,
the energetic development of the
economy, and a strong military
THE END
OF NOTES
FOR CH. 8
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
1. The U.S. naval jack contained this
phrase which served as a warning to
other countries.
2. In 1804, who was the US at war
with?
3. This country (see #2) is located on
which continent?
4. Which European country is best
known for impressing American
sailors?
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
5. What was the name of the American
naval ship that was attacked by the
British warship The Leopard?
6. Rather than go to war with Britain,
what act did TJ and Congress pass in
1807 to hurt Britain economically?
7. Although Britain was the target of this
act (see #6), how many other
countries did we stop trading with?
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
8. When the Embargo Act was repealed,
which act took its place?
9. Who was elected President in 1808?
10.Which Indian chief built a strong
confederation of Native American
nations in the Ohio River Valley?
11.Which European nation was their
ally?
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
12. Name of Tecumseh’s brother who
urged Native Americans to return to
the ways of their ancestors.
13.William Henry Harrison became a
national hero at and is forever
associated with which river?
14.In 1810, a new group of republicans
were elected to office and demanded
a more aggressive policy toward
Britain. By what name were they
known as?
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
15.Which naval commander said “We
have met the enemy, and he is ours”?
16.Name the two world capitals burned
in the War of 1812.
17.What was the nickname given to the
USS Constitution because cannon
balls seemed to bounce off her?
18. Term for a fast warship
Quiz 8- 3 & 4
19.Name the Tennessee planter and
future president who became a hero
at the Battle of New Orleans.
20.Britain decided to stop fighting after
their defeat at __________.
21.Which treaty, signed in 1814, ended
the War of 1812?