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World War II in the Pacific Chapter 32 Japan’s Aggressive Actions • 1931 – Japan takes over Manchuria • 1937 – Japan invades China • By July of 1941 – conquered French Indochina (Vietnam), Cambodia, and Laos • Isoroku Yamamto – Created a plan to attack the U.S. fleet in Hawaii as well as British and Dutch colonies in the Pacific United States Enters the War • US had tried to remain neutral, but fear of Germany and Japan grew – FDR came to believe that both were great threats to US security • US began the Lend-Lease Program: US “loaned” military supplies to allies • By 1938, Japan occupied northern and central China, and US stopped shipping oil, rubber, and metal to Japan Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 • When US refused to trade with Japan, Japan enacted long-standing plan • Badly crippled US navy – Also attacked Clark Field in the Philippines (U.S.) and Hong Kong (Great Britain) • Congress declared war – FDR: “December 7th, 1941…a day that will live in infamy.” • Within three days, Japan, Germany, Italy had declared war on the US • With US navy crippled, Japan took much of the Pacific Japan Advances in the Pacific • With US crippled, Japan took much of the Pacific (1941 – 1942) – Guam, Wake Islands, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, and the Philippines • Douglas MacArthur: “I shall return.” • Bataan Death March (1942) – 75,000 prisoners (Filipino and American soldiers) forced to march 61 miles through the jungles – War Crimes later charged due to intense violence and inhumane conditions – @ 54,000 survived the march Bataan Death March Japanese Internment • On February 19, 1942 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 that authorized US government to forcibly roundup 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry into 10 internment camps. At this time, the Canadian government interned 26,000 Japanese Canadians. • German and Italian-Americans Also Interned, although not in the same numbers as Japanese • By 1944, 1,500 Japanese-Americans volunteered for military service – One of the most decorated military units in US military history The Pacific Theater • May 7-8, 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea was a tactical stalemate – but was the first one for Allies – Also, the first ever aircraft carrier battle • June 4-7, 1942, Battle of Midway was the turning point in the war -- first victory for the US in Pacific – Japan was trying to invade Midway Islands for a base for invasion of Hawaii – Japanese lost four carriers, two cruisers, and three destroyers; US lost one carrier and one destroyer Battles of the Coral Sea & Midway Battle of Guadalcanal • First part of Douglas MacArthur’s “island hopping” campaign • August, 1942 – February, 1943 – Heavy fighting in the jungles of the Solomon Islands – First successful land battle for the Americans vs. the Japanese – Japan looses 24,000 of 36,000 soldiers – Prevented a Japanese invasion of Australia “Island Hopping” • “Island Hopping” involved taking strategically important islands and leaving others – Many Japanese fought to the death • Douglas MacArthur leads campaign • Japanese engage in Kamikaze attacks • At Saipan in June 1944, soldiers and women with babies jump off of cliffs rather than face US occupation • By end of June, 1945, Allies had taken Okinawa, Japan and most of Japanese Navy and Air Force had been destroyed • Japan still had an army of 2 million men Island Hopping • October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) – Japanese navy loses most of its fleet – General MacArthur • “People of the Philippines, I have returned.” • March 1945 – U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima – Heavy fighting, results in taking an island 760 miles from Japan • April 1945 – U.S. takes Okinawa – Japan looses over 100,000 troops Bombing of Japan http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/normandy.htm End of World War II in the Pacific • April, 1945, FDR died and Harry S. Truman replaced him as President • Planned an invasion of Japan which would cost an estimated 1,000,000 American lives and 2,000,000 Japanese lives • August 6, 1945: Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima – leveled 4 mi/sq • August 8, Russia declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria • Japan refused to surrender • August 9, bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Japan surrenders on the August 14, 1945 (V-J Day) TABLE B Per-Cent Mortality at Various Distances Distance from X, in feet Per-cent Mortality 0 - 1000 93.0% A estimated •The Department Energy that, 1000 - 2000 of TABLE 92.0 of2000 Casualties Hiroshima by Estimates 1950, 340,000 died from - 3000 Japanese 86.0Nagasaki Pre-raidor population 255,000 195,000 injuries illness to the69.0atomic 3000 - 4000attributed bombs on Hiroshima Nagasaki. Dead dropped 66,000 and 39,000 4000 - 5000 49.0 Injured 5000 - 6000 Total Casualties 6000 - 7000 69,000 31.525,000 135,000 12.564,000 7000 - 8000 1.3 8000 - 9000 0.5 9000 - 10,000 0.0 http://www.worldwar2database.com http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/abomb/mp10.htm World War II Casualties Country Military Civilian Total U.S.S.R. 8,668,000 16,900,000 25,568,000 China 1,324,000 10,000,000 11,324,000 Germany 3,250,000 3,810,000 7,060,000 850,000 6,000,000 6,850,000 1,506,000 300,000 1,806,000 Yugoslavia 300,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 Rumania France Austria Hungary Greece Italy 520,000 340,000 380,000 200,000 88,300 330,000 465,000 470,000 145,000 290,000 325,000 80,000 985,000 810,000 525,000 490,000 413,300 410,000 United Kingdom 326,000 62,000 388,000 USA Netherlands 292,131 14,000 6,000 236,000 298,131 250,000 Czechoslovakia 10,000 215,000 225,000 Philippines Belgium Finland Canada India Australia Spain Bulgaria 27,000 10,000 82,000 37,476 36,000 29,000 12,000 19,000 91,000 75,000 2,000 118,000 85,000 84,000 37,476 36,000 29,000 22,000 21,000 New Zealand 12,000 Norway South Africa 3,000 9,000 U.K. Colonies 6,877 Poland Japan Denmark Brazil Totals: 2,000 943 18,684,727 10,000 2,000 12,000 7,000 10,000 9,000 6,877 1,800 40,892,800 3,800 943 59,577,527 Property Losses are estimated at a figure of $1,000,000,000,0001