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Transcript
Robots Introduction Based on the lecture by Dr. Hadi Moradi University of Southern California Outline • • • • • • • • Control Approaches Feedback Control Cybernetics Braitenberg Vehicles Artificial Intelligence Early robots Robotics Today Why is Robotics hard Control • Sensing => Action • Reactive – Don’t think, act: Animals • Deliberative – Think hard, act later: Chess • Hybrid – Think and act in parallel: car races • Behavior-based – Think the way you act: human Reactive Systems • Collection of sense-act rules – Stimulus-response • Advantages: –? • Disadvantages –? Reactive Systems • Collection of sense-act rules – Stimulus-response • Advantages: – Inherently parallel – No/minimal state – Very fast – No memory • Disadvantages – No planning – No learning Deliberative Systems • 3 phase model: – Sense – Plan – Act • Example: Chess • Advantages: –? • Disadvantages: –? Deliberative Systems • 3 phase model: – Sense – Plan – Act • Advantages: – can plan – Can learn • Disadvantages: – Needs world model – Searching and planning are slow – World model gets outdated Feedback Control • React to the sensor changes • Feedback control == self-regulation • Q: What type of control system is it? • Feedback types: – Positive – Negative - and + Feedback • Negative feedback: – Regulates the state/output – Examples: Thermostat, bodies, … • Positive feedback: – Amplifies the state/output – Examples: Stock market • The first use: ancient Greek water system • Re-invented in the Renaissance for ovens W. Grey Walter’s Tortoise • 1953 • Machina Speculatrix • Sensors – 1 photocell, – 1 bump sensor • 2 motors • Reactive control W. Grey Walter’s Tortoise Behaviors: seeking light, head toward weak light, back away from bright light, turn and push (obstacle avoidance), recharge battery. Basis for creating adaptive behavior-based Turtle Principles • Parsimony: simple is better – e.g., clever recharging strategy • Exploration/speculation: keeps moving – except when charging • Attraction (positive tropism): – motivation to approach light • Aversion (negative tropism): – motivation to avoid obstacles, slopes • Discernment: ability to distinguish and make choices – productive or unproductive behavior, adaptation Ducking Tortoise behavior • A path: a candle on top of the shell Tortoise behavior • Two turtles: Like dancing New Tortoise Question • How does it do the charging? – Note: When the battery is low, it goes for the light. Braitenberg Vehicles • Valentino Braitenberg – early 1980s • Extended Walter’s mode • Based on analog circuits • Direct connections between light sensors and motors • Complex behaviors from very simple mechanisms Braitenberg Vehicles • Complex behaviors from very simple mechanisms Braitenberg Vehicles • By varying the connections and their strengths, numerous behaviors result, e.g.: – "fear/cowardice" - flees light – "aggression" - charges into light – "love" - following/hugging – many others, up to memory and learning! • Reactive control • Later implemented on real robots • Check: http://www.duke.edu/~mrz/braitenberg/braitenberg.html • Bots order Styrofoam cubes (16 min 30 sec) – Tokyo Lecture 3 time 24:30-41:00 Brief History • 1750: Swiss craftsman create automatons with clockwork to play tunes • 1917: Word Robot appeard in Karel Capek’s play • 1938: Issac Asimov wrote a novel about robots • 1958: Unimation (Universal Automation) co started making die-casting robots for GM • 1960: Machine vision studies started • 1966: First painting robot installed in Byrne, Norway. • 1966: U.S.A.’s robotic spacecraft lands on moon. • 1978: First PUMA (Programmable Universal Assembly) robot developed by Unimation. • 1979: Japan introduces the SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm). Early Artificial Intelligence • "Born" in 1955 at Dartmouth • "Intelligent machine" would use internal models to search for solutions and then try them out (M. Minsky) => deliberative model! • Planning became the tradition • Explicit symbolic representations • Hierarchical system organization • Sequential execution Artificial Intelligence • Early AI had a strong impact on early robotics • Focused on knowledge, internal models, and reasoning/planning • Eventually (1980s) robotics developed more appropriate approaches => behavior-based and hybrid control • AI itself has also evolved... • Early robots used deliberative control • Intelligence through construction (5 min 20 sec) – Tokyo Lecture 2 time 27:40-33:00