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IDT Open Seminar
ALAN TURING AND
HIS LEGACY
100 Years Turing celebration
Gordana Dodig Crnkovic,
Computer Science and Network Department
Mälardalen University
March 8th 2012
http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/~gdc/work/TuringCentenary.pdf
http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/~gdc/work/TuringMachine.pdf
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2012 ALAN TURING YEAR
2012 has been officially
declared Alan Turing Year
to celebrate the centenary
of his birth.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BEAxoknHgo (2 min) Alan Turing Documentary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKk8qYIf4oI (4.27 min) Remembering Alan Turing
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TURING RESOURCES
Alan Turing as a
• founder of computability theory,
• mathematician,
• philosopher,
• codebreaker,
• natural philosopher,
• visionary man before his time:
http://www.cs.usfca.edu/www.AlanTuring.net/turing_archive/index.html
Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing The Alan Turing Home Page, Andrew Hodges
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VIDEO
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BEAxoknHgo (2 min) Alan Turing Documentary Teaser
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKk8qYIf4oI (4.27 min) Remembering Alan Turing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61s2_UEhJg8&feature=related (6 min) The Dream Machine - BBC - Giant Brains 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S23yie-779k&feature=youtube_gdata_player (90 min) Turing Biography
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhhXy8TITqM&feature=related (44 min) Dangerous Knowledge (part 2)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMhfuQ16SS0&feature=related (44 min) Dangerous Knowledge (part 1)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=i-1LxIEMC58&feature=endscreen (0.26 min) LEGO Turing machine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY&feature=related (3 min) DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uya91t4rAlE&feature=related (3.17 min) (in Spanish, beautiful documentary material)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZUxJ6rCx4A&feature=related (part 1) (5.53 min) (Italian, very good documentary material)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8mxeIDw-0s&feature=related (part 2) (7.29 min) (Italian, rich documentary material)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgW6HplOZV0&feature=youtubegdata_player (7.27 min) Alan Turing, Enigma
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7_WzNzHwJY (9.58 min) The Death of Alan Turing
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TIMELINE OF ALAN TURING’S LIFE
1912 (23 June): Birth, London
1926-31: Sherborne School
1930: Death of friend Christopher Morcom
1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University
1932-35: Quantum mechanics, probability, logic
1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge
1936: The Turing machine, computability, universal machine
1936-38: Princeton University. Ph.D. Logic, algebra, number theory
1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher machine
1939-40: The Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption
1939-42: Breaking of U-boat Enigma, saving battle of the Atlantic
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TIMELINE OF ALAN TURING’S LIFE
1943-45: Chief Anglo-American crypto consultant. Electronic work.
1945: National Physical Laboratory, London
1946: Computer and software design, world leading.
1947-48: Programming, neural nets, and artificial intelligence
1948: Manchester University
1949: First serious mathematical use of a computer
1950: The Turing Test for machine intelligence
1951: Elected FRS. Non-linear theory of biological growth
1952: Arrested as a homosexual, loss of security clearance
1953-54: Unfinished work in biology and physics
1954 (7/6, 42 years old): Death (suicide) by cyanide poisoning
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2009: APOLOGY
In August 2009, petition started urging the British Government to posthumously apologize to Alan
Turing for prosecuting him as a homosexual. The petition received thousands of signatures. Prime
Minister Gordon Brown acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009
apologizing and describing Turing's treatment as "appalling":[
“Thousands
of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and
recognition of the appalling* way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under
the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course
utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we
all are for what happened to him ...
So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's
work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.”
* = inexcusable
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TURING’S GROUNDBREAKING
CONTRIBUTIONS
• Logic (Computability)
• Computing (Universal Machine, Stored program,
algorithm)
• Artificial intelligence (Turing Test, ”Unorganized
machines”)
• Biology (Morphogenesis)
• Codebreaking during the WWII (Enigma machine)
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TURING’S PUBLICATIONS
Even though Turing made truly profound impact on
all of the fields he was active in, his production of
published articles was modest – less than 30 in total
from 1937 to 1954.*
*17 years, less than 2 papers published per year
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TURING’S PUBLICATIONS
Mathematical Logic (7)
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On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Proc. Lond. Math.
Soc. (2) 42 pp 230-265 (1936); correction ibid. 43, pp 544-546 (1937).
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Computability and λ-definability, J. Symbolic Logic 2 pp 153-163 (1937)
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The p-function in λ-K conversion, J. Symbolic Logic 2 p 164 (1937)
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Systems of logic based on ordinals, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc (2) 45 pp 161-228 (1939) This was also
Turing's Princeton Ph.D. thesis (1938)
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(with M. H. A. Newman) A formal theorem in Church's theory of types, J. Symbolic Logic 7 pp 2833 (1942)
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The use of dots as brackets in Church's system, J. Symbolic Logic 7, pp 146-156 (1942)
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Practical forms of type-theory, J. Symbolic Logic 13, pp 80-94 (1948)
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TURING’S PUBLICATIONS
Mechanical Intelligence (11)
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Proposed Electronic Calculator, Turing's ACE computer plan, was produced as a typescript in early 1946, an internal National
Physical Laboratory document. The original copy is in the (British) National Archives, in the file DSIR 10/385. The report was
first published as the NPL report, Com. Sci. 57 (1972), with a foreword by Donald W. Davies.
Lecture to the London Mathematical Society, February 1947. Published in 1986 as a companion to the 1946 report in the same
MIT Press volume.
Intelligent Machinery, report written by Turing for the National Physical Laboratory, 1948. The paper was first published in
1968, within the book Cybernetics: Key Papers, eds. C. R. Evans and A. D. J. Robertson, University Park Press, Baltimore
Md.and Manchester (1968).
Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester electronic computer, Manchester University Computing Laboratory (1950)
Local Programming Methods and Conventions, in the Manchester University Computer Inaugural Conference, July 1951.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 49, pp 433-460 (1950)
Chess, a subsection of chapter 25, Digital Computers Applied to Games, of Faster than Thought, ed. B. V. Bowden, Pitman,
London (1953)
Intelligent Machinery: A heretical theory, a talk given by Turing at Manchester, typescript in the Turing Archive, included in
Sara Turing's memoir (see below). Not included in the Collected Works, but included (ed. B. J. Copeland) in K. Furukawa, D.
Michie, S. Muggleton (eds.), Machine Intelligence 15, Oxford University Press (1999) and also in The Essential Turing.
Can digital computers think?, Radio broadcast, 1951 not included in the Collected Works, but included (ed. B. J. Copeland) in K.
Furukawa, D. Michie, S. Muggleton (eds.), Machine Intelligence 15, Oxford University Press (1999), and in The Essential
Turing.
Can automatic calculating machines be said to think? Radio broadcast, 1952: discussion with M. H. A. Newman, G. Jefferson,
R. B. Braithwaite, not included in the Collected Works, but included (ed. B. J. Copeland) in K. Furukawa, D. Michie, S.
Muggleton (eds.), Machine Intelligence 15, Oxford University Press (1999), and in The Essential Turing.
Solvable and Unsolvable Problems, Science News 31, pp 7-23 (1954)
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TURING’S PUBLICATIONS
Pure Mathematics (8)
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Equivalence of Left and Right Almost Periodicity, J. London Math. Soc. 10, pp 284-285 (1935)
Finite Approximations to Lie Groups, Ann. of Math. 39 (1), pp 105-111 (1938)
The Extensions of a Group, Compositio Math. 5, pp 357-367 (1938)
A Method for the Calculation of the Zeta-Function, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) pp 180-197 (1943, submitted 1939)
Rounding-off Errors in Matrix Processes, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, pp 287-308 (1948)
The Word problem in Semi-Groups with Cancellation, Ann. of Math. 52 (2), pp 491-505 (1950)
Some Calculations of the Riemann Zeta-function, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) pp 99-117 (1953)
Solvable and Unsolvable Problems, Science News 31, pp 7-23 (1954) is included in this volume of the Collected Works as well
as in the Mechanical Intelligence volume.
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TURING’S PUBLICATIONS
Morphogenesis (1)
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 237 pp 37-72 (1952).
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n5702206663870g9/fulltext.pdf
On Turing’s morphogenesis:
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/02/turing-patterns/?pid=978&viewall=true
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/02/turing-patterns/?pid=971
Alan Turing’s Patterns in Nature, and Beyond
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AXIOMATIZATION/ AUTOMATIZATION
OF MATHEMATICS
HILBERT’S PROGRAM, 1900
Hilbert’s hope was that mathematics would be reducible to
finding proofs (manipulating the strings of symbols) from a
fixed system of axioms, axioms that everyone could agree
were true.
Can all of mathematics be made algorithmic?
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TURING MACHINES AND COMPUTABILITY
Turing made the idea of algorithm precise, relating
algorithm to the property of computability. Turing wrote:
“The "computable" numbers may be described briefly as the
real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are
calculable by finite means... a number is computable if its
decimal can be written down by a machine. “
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/machine.html
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TURING MACHINES AND COMPUTABILITY
The Turing machine (LCM, Logical Computing Machine)
concept involves specifying a very simple set of logical
operations, but Turing showed how other more complex
mathematical procedures could be built out of these atomic
components.
Turing argued that his formalism was sufficiently general to
encompass anything that a human being could do when
carrying out a definite (mechanical, effective) method.
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TURING MACHINES USED IN A MODELLING
OF MORE COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Simplified, one can say: anything
can be used to model anything else
– in some way. The question is how
meaningful (or applicable or
adequate) the model is.
http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/~gdc/work/TuringMachine.pdf More about Turing Machine
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SUCCESSES OF INTELLIGENT MACHINERY,
WITHIN TURING MACHINE PARADIGM
DEEP BLUE WINNING OVER CHESS MASTER
CASPAROV
WATSON WINNING JEOPARDY
But: as soon as it works it is no more considered to be intelligence!
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BEYOND THE TM MODEL
Turing did not show that his machines can solve any problem that can be
solved "by instructions, explicitly stated rules, or procedures", nor did he
prove that the universal Turing machine "can compute any function that
any computer, with any architecture, can compute".
He proved that his universal machine can compute any function that any
Turing machine can compute.
But a thesis concerning the extent of procedures of a certain sort that a
human being unaided by machinery is capable of carrying out -- carries no
implication concerning the extent of the procedures that machines are
capable of carrying out, even machines acting in accordance with ‘explicitly
stated rules’. For among a machine's repertoire of atomic operations there
may be those that no human being unaided by machinery can perform.
Copeland, B. Jack, "The Church-Turing Thesis", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N.
Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/church-turing/>.
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BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED
”UNORGANIZED MACHINES”
In a far-sighted 1948 report Alan Turing suggested that the
infant human cortex was an "unorganized machine".
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as
largely random in their initial construction, but capable of
being trained to perform particular tasks.
Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early
examples of randomly-connected, binary neural networks,
and he claimed that these were the simplest possible model
of the nervous system.
Wikipedia
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TM AND PHYSICAL (NATURAL)
COMPUTING
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=i1LxIEMC58&feature=endscreen (0.26 min) LEGO Turing machine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY&feature=related (3 min)
DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly
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2012 TURING CELEBRATION
http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/
http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/give-page.php?408
2012 The Alan Turing World
http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/WScie12/
CiE 2012 - How the World Computes
University of Cambridge18 June - 23 June, 2012:
http://www.cie2012.eu
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AIBS/IACAP WORLD CONGRESS
2-6 June 2012 in Birmingham there will be a World
congress celebrating Turing centenary
I am, together with Raffaela Giovagnoli organizing a symposium on
Natural computing:
https://sites.google.com/site/naturalcomputingaisbiacap2012/
and together with Judith Simon and a group of AI researchers a
symposium on: Social Computing - Social Cognition - Social
Networks and Multiagent Systems
https://sites.google.com/site/socialturnsnamasaisbiacap2012/
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2012 TURING CELEBRATION
Mathematician Barry Cooper is one of the
world-leading figures in the computability theory
and President of Computability in Europe, also Turing
Centenary Advisory Committee president.
He has written on the occasion of Turing centenary in
both Nature and Communications of ACM:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7386/full/482465a.html
The incomputable reality
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/3/146259-turings-titanicmachine/fulltext Turing's Titanic Machine?
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CONCLUSION
“So Turing's approach is seminal, illuminating the connection between in-computability,
mathematics, and natural phenomena. It has been carried forward by James D. Murray
and others, and though things get a lot more complex than the examples tackled by
Turing, it is enough to make something more coherent from the confusion of impressions
and models.
All that the hypercomputability theorists are getting excited about is embodiment and
reframing of the standard model, with or without oracles. But the embodiment does
extend to the emergent halting set and possibly hierarchically beyond, taking us into a
world beyond basic algorithms (see Chaitin's recent take on creativity and biology.)
There is some elementary but not widely understood theory that glues the whole thing
together. As more and more people are coming to see, going back to Turing with the
eyes of a Turing will do wonders.”
Barry Cooper: Turing's Titanic Machine?
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/3/146259-turings-titanic-machine/fulltext
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CONCLUSION
“We can only see a short distance ahead, but we
can see plenty there that needs to be done.”
Turing , A.M. (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence, Mind LIX, 433-60.
http://cogprints.org/499/0/turing.html
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