Download Vzájemné vztahy organism* vp*írod

Výukový materiál EK 01 - 21
Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková
Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
MUTUAL RELATIONS OF ORGANISMS
IN NATURE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Relations between individuals of one species intraspecific
 Relations between individuals of different
species - interspecific
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Competition
 Basic relationship
 Fight for the life conditions - water, space, light,
food
 Between individuals of the same species and
other species
 Among the individuals of one species a fight for a territory - singers - competition for a
selection of a partner - deer fights
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
It is often true, that the one who comes the first
is the „winner“ - trees – „ Finders keepers“
 Plants can compete with each other by means
of the roots, they also can use secretions –
wormwood, couch. This competition may lead
to suppression of other species, or to establish
a state of equilibration
 Species can exist one next to another =>
coexistence
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
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Predation:
Among the species
One body becomes a prey to the other
Predator x pray
Predator – carnivore or herbivore
Carnivore kills the prey, herbivore may not kill the
organism
=> protective measures
Plants - substances that advise the predator - onion
- spiny outgrowths on the leaves and stems
Animals - colour, smelling feces
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Parasitism:
 Organisms sponge on the bodies or the
metabolic products of other organisms
 A special type of predation
 Parasite x host
 Real parasite (holoparasite) - heterotrophs
 Hemiparasite –autotrophs – only needs
minerals from the host - mistletoe
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Ectoparasites (external) x endoparasites (internal)
 They feed on the body fluids, tissues, body parts
...
 Some organisms are parasites only at a certain
stage of development
 For example. A flea: a larva lives freely and eat
organic residues and the adults feed on blood
 Endoparasites – Schistosoma haematobium blood flukes =>cystitis
 Ectoparasites – fleas, lice, ticks
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
A lot of parasites are pathogens
 Especially those feeding on body fluids
 In the Middle Ages there were fleas that
carried the plague bacteria
 Today, for example ticks, which can transmit
viruses that cause meningitis and bacteria that
are causing Lyme disease
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Symbiosis:
 Fixed coexistence of two species
 Mutually beneficial co-existence - growing,
food, reproduction
 Lichen - sponge + green algae
 Legume plants + bacteria can bind nitrogen
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
Protocooperation :
 The relationship between pollinators and plants
 Comparatively free link
 They feed on plant juices + pollinating plants
 Sometimes only one species of an insect can
pollinate certain plants
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORANISMS
Cooperation:
 Cooperation of individuals
 A bird honeyguide feeds on honey and beeswax
in most species and it can break even bee
nests. Its screaming is heard by baboons or
honey badgers and they can take honey from
the nest.
 Or a bird honeyguide + natives
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WORKSHEET - QUESTIONS
What is a hemiparasite?
 Why are species in the wild competing?
 What is symbiosis?
 What are the types of parasites?
 What is the coexistence of a sponge with green
algae in a lichen?
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SOURCES
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BRANIŠ, Martin. Základy ekologie a ochrany
životního prostředí: učebnice pro střední školy.
3., aktualiz. vyd. Praha: Informatorium, 2004,
203 s. ISBN 80-733-3024-5.