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Evolution
ClipBird Lab
Biology
Evolution Unit
Day 5
ClipLand Scene

Here we see a new species called ClipBirds.

They were tragically split into two
populations---the East ClipLand and the
West ClipLand.

How are these birds alike? How are they
different?
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/lessons/clipbirds/scene.pdf
Food Values
Food Values in Megacalories
Marblefruit
10
Big Tootfruit
5
Tiny tootfruit
2
Megacalories Needed
To Survive
To Reproduce
Big bill
80
160
Medium bill
50
100
Small Bill
25
50
ClipBird Populations
West Clipland
1st Season 2nd Season
3rd Season
4th Season
3rd Season
4th Season
Big Bill
Medium Bill
Small Bill
East Clipland
1st Season 2nd Season
Big Bill
Medium Bill
Small Bill
Discussion

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What happened to these populations?
What factors had an impact on their
lifestyles?
Vocabulary

Adaptation- inherited trait that increases a
population’s chances of survival and
reproduction in a particular environment.
–
What types of adaptations did we see here?
Vocabulary

Niche- habitat and the role a population plays
in that habitat. Includes where organisms
live, what and how they eat, how they raise
their offspring, and what their predators are.
–
What were the examples of the niche that we saw
in this lab?
News Reporters



You are a news reporter and are writing a
story on Charles Darwin and his theory.
Need to answer the 6 questions of Who,
What, When, Where, Why, and How.
Have today during class to find your
information. Hand in by tomorrow.
Background Information

In Mediaeval times, people believed in
Spontaneous Generation.

Idea that living things could come from non-living
things.
Example of Spontaneous Generation

Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile
River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving
behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to
grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with
the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared
that weren’t around in drier times.

Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back
then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs.
Redi’s Experiment

In 1668, Francesco
Redi, an Italian
physician, did an
experiment with flies
and wide-mouth jars
containing meat.

One jar was covered
with a stopper, one was
covered with gauze,
and one was left open.
Redi’s Data
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In the uncovered jars, flies entered and laid eggs on
the meat. Maggots hatched from these eggs and
grew into more adult flies.
Adult flies laid eggs on the gauze on the gauzecovered jars. These eggs or the maggots from them
dropped through the gauze onto the meat.
In the sealed jars, no flies, maggots, nor eggs could
enter, thus none were seen in those jars. Maggots
arose only where flies were able to lay eggs.
Redi’s Conclusions

Only flies can make more flies

This experiment disproved the idea of
spontaneous generation for larger
organisms.
Louis Pasteur

In1864 Louis Pasteur,
disproved spontaneous
generation in microscopic
organisms.

Pasteur boiled broth in
various-shaped flasks to
sterilize it, then let it cool. As
the broth and air in the
containers cooled, fresh room
air was drawn into the
containers. None of the flasks
were sealed — all were
exposed to the outside air in
one way or another.
Louis Pasteur’s Findings

Broth in flasks with necks opening straight
up spoiled while broth in swan-neck flasks
did not, even though fresh air could get it.

Broth in flasks with cotton plugs did not
spoil, even though air could get through the
cotton. If the neck of a swan-neck flask was
broken off short, allowing bacteria to enter,
then the broth became contaminated.
Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?


1809- French Scientist who reasoned that
fossils of extinct animals were the ancestors
of those living today.
Developed a theory of evolution

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Organisms are constantly striving to improve
themselves.
Use it or lose it! Most-used body structures are
maintained, while others waste away.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Discussion—So What Are the Important
Aspects of Darwin’s Theory?

Natural Selection

Sexual reproduction causes variation within a species,
some of which are favorable.

There is a struggle for exsistance.

Not all young produced in each generation can survive.
(Nature overproduces)

Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with
favorable variations.
Discussion—So What Are the Important
Aspects of Darwin’s Theory?

Geological Change is slow.



These gradual geological changes can influence
plant and animal life over time.
This Theory is called Gradualism
Artificial Selection


Selective breeding of domestic animals and crops
to gain most desirable characteristics.
How does this affect us now?
Vocabulary to Know

Terms

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Natural Selction
Variation
Gradulism
Artificial Selection
Spontaneous Generation
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People and Theories
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Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamark
Louis Pasteur
Francesco Redi
Add all of these terms and people to your evolution foldables!!
Lucy
Lucy Discussion

Comparing hominids from Lucy’s lifetime to
your own, do you think there have been more
changes in physical characteristics of the
body (such as hands, feet, head, posture) or
more changes in how hominids lived (types
of shelter, ways of getting around, ways of
gathering food)?
Lucy Discussion

Which aspects of your description were
based on evidence?

Which aspects of your description were
inferences related to evidence?

Which aspects of your descriptions were
guesses?
Hominoids vs. Hominids??

MUGAN WORKSHEET!!!!!
Primate Family Tree
Anthropoids
Hominoids
Hominids
Old World
African Old World
Monkeys Gibbon Orangutans Human
Apes
Monkeys
Evidence for Evolution

Animal Structure
Homologous Structures
 Analogous Structures
 Vestigial Structures


Fossils
Cause and Effect Relationships

Speciation

Cause: Evolution of one or more species
from a common ancestor.
 Effect: New species created
Cause and Effect Relationships

Divergent Evolution
 Cause:
geological barrier separates members
of the population
 Effect: Two different species evolve

Convergent Evolution
 Cause:
Natural selection produces analogical
adaptations in response to environmental
conditions.
 Effect: Two similar species
Cause and Effect Relationships

Coevolution
 Cause:
Environmental factors cause two
species to evolve together.
 Effect:Special relationships between
organisms. Ex. Flowers and bees.

Adaptive Radiation
 Cause: An
open habitat creates many
different evolutionary tracts for one species
 Effect: many diverse species from one
common ancestor.
Population Genetics
Gene Pool: Combined genetic material of
all the members of a given population.
 Allele Frequencies: Percentage of
appearance of a single allele in a gene
pool.
 Genetic Equilibrium: If the allele frequency
is constant the allele has reached
equilibrium. It will not change unless
something big happens to the population.

Population Genetics

Genetic Drift: random change in allele
frequency in a population due to chance
events.
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Directional Selection: occurs when a
change in the environment favors an
extreme phenotype.