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Transcript
Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection Biology I I. Before Darwin • Scientists knew that organisms had evolved • Fossil evidence • Age of the Earth I. Before Darwin • Lamarck- aquired characteristics • Evolve from simple to complex • Organisms want to adapt I. Before Darwin • Later disproved II. Darwin • At 21, took a job as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle • Collected specimens, took notes of different organisms His voyage: II. Darwin • Sailed to Galapagos Islands • All new species, but similar to those found elsewhere • Finches most famous • Had slightly different beaks from island to island • Differed by their diet II. Darwin • Darwin 22 years developing theory of natural selection • Pressured into publishing by Wallace • Published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection III. Natural Selection 4 Requirements:Natural Selection 1. Variation 2. Differential Reproduction 3. Heredity 4.Lots of Time III. Natural Selection • 1. Individuals have variations. – Color, size, speed, etc. • The variations that natural selection acts on are genetically linked III. Natural Selection • Four steps • 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive – competition Only the best are going to survive III. Natural Selection • 3. Beneficial variations survive, pass traits to offspring • Passed through DNA III. Natural Selection 12 10 8 • 4. Over time variations become more frequent in population A B 6 C D 4 2 0 A B C D 12 10 8 A B 6 C D 4 2 0 A B C D • Results in population being different than ancestors III. Natural Selection • Natural selection usually takes a long time • Selection for a particular variation depends on environment Example of Natural Selection Evolution Evolution is the change in a population over time IV Evidence for Evolution • • • • • Adaptations Anatomy Fossil Record Embryology Biochemistry Types of Adaptations • An Adaptive Trait- variation that is helpful – Thick fur in cold places • Maladaptive Trait- variation that is harmful – Poor eyesight Structural Adaptations • Physical traits Mimicry-An adaptation • Enables one species to resemble another species. • Ex.-harmless species looks like a harmful one, good tasting vs. bad tasting. Camouflage-An adaptation • A species blends in with its environment to avoid predators. • Ex.- peppered moth, leaf frog Fossils • Determine relationships among organisms. • Ancestors of whales were probably land-dwelling, doglike animals. Anatomy- Homologous Structures • Common evolutionary origin. Similar in arrangement or function or both. • Example: forelimbs of a whale, a crocodile and a bird wing. Anatomy- Analogous Structures • No common evolutionary origin, but similar in function. • Wings of a bat and wings of a butterfly. Anatomy- Vestigial Structures • No function now but was probably useful to an ancestor. • Ex. A whale has leg bones, a snake has leg bones, we have a tail bone and wisdom teeth. Embryology • Earliest stage of growth and development • Embryos of a fish, a chicken, a pig, a cow, a rabbit, and a human are almost identical. • They all have gill slits and a tail. Biochemistry • Comparisons of DNA and RNA • Now monera is divided into two separate kingdoms based on their biochemistry. V. Mechanisms of Evolution • Genetic Drift • Gene Flow • Artificial Selection • Natural Selection Sexual Selection Genetic Drift • Change in allele frequency by CHANCE Gene Flow • Change in allele frequency as a result of MIGRATION Artificial Selection Humans choose desired traits and manipulate breeding Sexual Selection • Special case of Natural Selection • Variations selected for their ability to attract a mate Geographic isolation • Physical barrier divides a population • New selective pressures • Two different species Reproductive isolation • No longer able to mate • Different genetic information • Mating behavior differences Selective Pressures • Environmental • Examples: drought, lack of food, extreme temperatures, predation Sources of Variation • GENE FLOW moves genes among populations • SEXUAL REPRODUCTION introduces new gene combinations • Random MUTATIONS in DNA lead to the formation of new alleles (sound familiar?) Mutations • Can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism • Only mutations in gametes are inherited by offspring VI. Natural selection affecting populations • Three major types of natural selection are: –Stabilizing Selection –Directional Selection –Disruptive Selection Stabilizing selection • Average individual is selected for Directional selection • One extreme trait is selected for Disruptive Selection • Both extremes are selected for • Average selected against. How do we determine a new species? • A species is considered a group of organisms that can: 1. Interbreed 2. Produce Fertile offspring Two species of meadowlark