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BIOLOGY NOTES EVOLUTION PART 1 PAGES 297-319 Standards: 5.1 ____Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change ____ 5.2 Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overpopulation of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which results in differential reproductive success 5.3 Describe how mutation and genetic ____ recombination increases genetic variation 5.12 ____ Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms Essential Questions: 1. What mechanisms have allowed for diversity in organisms? 2. How is the scientific theory of evolution supported by different disciplines? I. Evolution = the biological process of change by which ____________ descendents come to _______ differ from their __________ ancestors A. History 1. Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s) – proposed that fixed but do change over organisms are not _____ time from breeding experiments organisms so similar • species = a group of __________ to one another they can reproduce and have ______ fertile offspring 2. Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1700’s) – shared ancestors proposes that species _______ instead of arising separately 3. James Hutton (1795) & Charles Lyell (1833) – two geologists who discovered that the Earth was really ________, millions not thousands, of years old theories by • Hutton and Lyell broke former ________ studying rock layers and suggesting geographical formations due to weather, erosion and other natural forces occur ________, slowly. Thus, the Earth must be ________ millions of years old. 4. Thomas Malthus (1798) – An economist who suggested that human population growth is _______ limited by resources such as food, water and space. A population that grew too large would struggle for existence. result in a ________ • This led evolutionists to wonder if ________ animals also competed as animals generally have even more offspring than humans 5. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1809) – A scientist acquired who proposed the theory of _________ characteristics • Lamarck believed that an organism’s ____ use or disuse of a trait determined if it were passed on to _________ offspring e.g.fiddler crab claw, birds flying • This is an obviously ________ incorrect hypotheses behavior cannot affect because an organism’s ________ it’s heredity • Lamarck’s hypotheses were important, however, because he is the first scientist to suggest that organisms do, in fact, _______ change over time and are ultimately adapted to their environment ____________ 6. Alfred Wallace (1858) – A scientist whose Malaysia confirms Darwin’s theory studies in _________ of _________ evolution 5. Charles Darwin – proposed the modern evolution through the scientific theory of _________ natural selection MECHANISM of _______ • Studied different fossils, collected evidence, and made numerous observations while on H.M.S. Beagle in 1831 board the _____________ got most of his evidence from the __________ Galapagos islands • Published the ______ Origin of Species in 1859 with his mechanism (how it happens) of evolution B. Darwin’s Modern Theory of Evolution Premise #1: Individuals differ and these inherited (passed on to differences are _________ offspring) • At this point in time Mendel’s work was not very well known so Darwin did not know ____ how variation among organisms occurred • Darwin, however, did know variation occurred among ________ different species by observing and recording variation among _________ hundreds of organisms e.g. finches, tortises, etc. • with Mendel’s work, we now know this variation occurs at the genetic level and we call the alleles variations for a single trait _______ • with a better understanding of genetics we now mutations know variation occurs because of ___________ and during _______ sexual reproduction / _________ crossing over Premise #2: Organisms _________ compete for limited resources. • Struggle for existence = members of the same ________ species regularly compete for _____, food living space, etc. • Members of the same species compete overpopulation because of ______________ • Fitness = the ability of an individual to _______ survive and reproduce in its environment each organism has advantages or disadvantages in the struggle for survival _______ adaptation = any inherited _____________ characteristic that increases an organism’s chances of survival ________ • If the environment changes, something that may have been an _____________ adaptation could or could not be of use e.g. dinosaur size Premise #3: Within each species competition, there are winners and ______ losers • Natural Selection (a.k.a.) Survival of the adapted to fittest = those organisms best ________ their environment survive to reproduce and these organisms pass on their traits (acts on ___________) phenotypes • Evolution occurs through _______ natural selection (also known as the MECHANISM of evolution) Conclusion #1: Those species of organisms that descendent from a are alive today are ____________ common ________ ancestor but, have been _________ modified or changed over time (EVOLUTION) • As natural selection occurs, species gradually become very ________ different from each other • this is what Darwin termed ________ descent with modification ____________ C. Evidence for the Scientific Theory of Evolution 1. Fossils = preserved remains or _________ evidence of the existence of an organism e.g. dino bones • This tells us that there have been a _______ variety of different organisms alive over millions of _____ years older the • The lower in the rock layers, the _____ organism is believed to be • Within millions of years there are large _____ gaps decomposition WHY? ______________ a. most fossils are found in ____________ sedimentary rock b. other types of fossils include: ______, casts amber preserved fossils, petrified fossils, imprints, and ______ molds c. as ____________ paleontology continues, many missing discovered “links” have been ___________ 2. Homologous Body Structures = structures function but the same that have different ________ basic _________ structure e.g.bat wings, human hand, whale flipper • Similar structures indicate similar genetic codes in the _____ DNA molecules of an organism universal and • Remember the genetic code is _________ millions or even billions of base pairs long in every cell • It is unlikely that long sequences of matching different species base pairs exist in two ________ unless these organisms evolved from a common ancestor _________ sequencing • this can be proven using genetic ___________ 3. Vestigial Organs = organs present within an function organism that serves no useful ________ e.g. human appendix • Why would organisms have organs they do not use? if the organs do not affect the survival of life then natural selection would not have ____, eliminated these organs this can also explain why there are unused pieces of DNA found in almost all ________ _____________ organisms • The presence, however, of vestigial organs species could suggests that several different _______ ancestor have evolved from a single ________ 4. Embryology • Many organisms look similar in structure as embryos which indicates they have a common ________ _________ ancestor e.g. rat, human, chicken • Why do organisms eventually look extremely different from embryo to full grown individual? cell differentiation ________________ Larva Adult crab Adult barnacle 5. Molecular & Genetic Evidence = it has been species have similar shown that very different ________ molecular and ________ genetic mechanisms • the more related two organisms are, the more _______ related their DNA will be • pseudogenes = sequences of _____ DNA useful nucleotides that are no longer _______ pseudogenes reflects a having similar _____________ ancestor common _________ distribution 6. Biogeography - Geographical ____________ of common plants & animals e.g. Whale bones in African desert 7. Observed Evolutionary Change e.g. Spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria