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I. Theory of Evolution A. Overview 1. "Theory vs. Scientific Theory" a. "Theory" in everyday language is a guess b. "Scientific Theory" is supported by a large amount of evidence. An explanation of observations. 2. Definition of Evolution -- Change in a population over time a. The smallest unit that can change is a population. b. An organism does not evolve, a population does. B. An early idea about how evolution occurred: Lamarck: French naturalist, published his hypothesis in 1809. 1. Lamarck’s Theory was based on his observations a. He observed that blacksmiths had big muscles and that family members stayed in the profession. b. organisms constantly strive to improve self and become more advanced. c. effort to improve causes the most used body structures to develop while the unused body structures wasted away (Use Disuse theory) d. the modification due to use or disuse is passed on to offspring (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics) e. Another example he used is giraffes necks 3. Weismann (1889): Proves Lamarck wrong through an experiment. a. cut off the tails of mice for 22 generations. b. All offspring were born with tails. c. He concluded that changes in the body during your life are not passed down to offspring. (we know this now through genetics) C. Charles Darwin 1. growing up years 2. education 3. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) a. purpose of the voyage was to make maps of coast of South America b. Darwin’s purpose was to make geological studies to locate minerals for mining…he was also the ships naturalist. c. Darwin observed plants and animals every time they docked. d. He noticed slight differences in them based on where they were e. He collected fossils and made notes about where he found them. 4. Visit to the Galapagos Islands during his voyage a. Local Finches (a type of bird) had different types of beaks based on what they ate b. Tortoises had different shells based on what island they were on c. Why were they different? How did they get that way? 5. Darwin’s Theory was influenced by 3 people a. Charles Lyell – wrote a book explaining that changes in the Earth were slow and uniform Darwin – slow Earth changes could affect plants and animals b. Thomas Malthus – observed that the human population was growing so fast that the supply of resources would not be able to support the population Darwin – There was always competition for food, space, and mates. Those that “win” survive and reproduce. c. Pigeon and Dog Breeders – select animals with the best traits to get the desired pigeon or dog Darwin – thought this process would naturally occur, but slower. 6. Darwin’s Theory of how evolution has occurred: Natural Selection a. There is a variety within a population b. Some traits are an advantage to have (they improve the organisms chance to reproduce) c. More young are created in each generation than can survive d. Those that survive and reproduce are those with the traits that are an advantage to have e. Over a long time, small changes accumulate and the population changes. 7. Darwin did not publish his theory for more than 20 years. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859. Lamarck Darwin