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Evolutionary timing – Molecular clock Human evolutionary history other Old World monkeys ‘apes’ and humans upright posture loss of tail increased brain size Humans show similarities with ‘apes’ (gibbons, orang, gorilla, chimps) • shared derived traits: large brain, no tail, more upright posture Human evolutionary history other Old World gibbons orang monkeys gorilla,chimps and humans brow ridge loss of some hair skull elongation upright posture loss of tail increased brain size Humans show similarities with African ‘great apes’ (gorilla, chimps) • shared derived traits: elongated skull, less hairy, brow ridge Human evolutionary history other Old World gibbons orang monkeys gorilla,chimps and humans ? brow ridge loss of some hair skull elongation upright posture loss of tail increased brain size Which are closer: gorilla & chimps, humans & chimps, human & gorilla? Human evolutionary history gorilla chimps human gorilla knucklewalking morphology chimps human ? similarities in teeth, skull, genitals Which are closer: gorilla & chimps or humans & chimps? • are traits shared derived versus convergent / lost? Human evolutionary history gorilla chimps human gorilla knucklewalking morphology chimps human common ancestor ~5 million yrs ago DNA similarities similarities in teeth, skull, genitals Molecular data suggests chimps and human are close relatives Human evolutionary history gorilla chimps human common ancestor ~5 mya hunting, simple tools, complex social behavior DNA similarities similarities in teeth, skull, genitals Molecular data suggests chimps and human are close relatives Human evolutionary history other Old World gibbons orang gorilla chimps human monkeys many unique traits similarities in teeth, skull, genitals brow ridge loss of some hair skull elongation upright posture loss of tail increased brain size Humans’ closest living relatives are chimpanzees • shared derived traits: morphological: skull, teeth, genitals behavioral: hunting, tool use, social behaviors ? Millions of years ago Australopithecus robustus Homo ergaster Australopithecus africanus Homo sapiens Australopithecus afarensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo erectus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba Orrorin tugenesis Figure 19.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The earliest hominids were a diverse group – Various species of Australopithecus date from about 4 to 1 million years ago – Our own species, Homo sapiens, is the only hominid that has not become extinct Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19.4 Upright posture evolved well before our enlarged brain • Australopithecines had relatively small brains – This indicates that bipedalism preceded the evolution of the enlarged brain – Bipedalism is a basic human trait Figure 19.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19.5 Homo and the evolution of larger brains • Homo habilis, an early African hominid, coexisted with some of the australopithecines – They had larger brains and made simple tools – They may also have given rise to the more advanced Homo erectus • Homo erectus spread out of Africa over most of the Old World – They eventually gave rise to Homo sapiens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19.6 When and where did modern humans arise? • One of the regional descendents of H. erectus was the stocky and muscular Neanderthals – They lived throughout Europe from about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago Figure 19.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A brief history of human brains Neandertals - large brains 200,000 years ago Modern homo sapiens (and their brains) evolved ~ 100,000 years ago in africa Most toolmaking came tens of thousands of years later Agriculture and the rapid growth of human populations came 90,000 years later • Some paleoanthropologists think that modern humans arose from the regionally diverse populations of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa, Europe, and Asia • Others believe that modern Homo sapiens came from a second group in Africa – This group arose around 100,00 years ago – They migrated out of Africa – They replaced regional populations of archaic peoples Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings OUR CULTURAL HISTORY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19.7 Culture gives us enormous power to change our environment • Major milestones in the evolution of Homo sapiens are the evolution of – an erect stance – a large brain – a prolonged period of parental care Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolution Evolution Evolution of mind The mind evolved just like the rest of the body. The principle is clear, but the details are highly contentious What might have been a driving force for human minds? Evolution Evolution Evolution Evolution Evolution The Mating Mind Geoffrey Miller Why do we have big brains? Evolution of the brain Brain is expensive Evolution requires you to pay your way as you go; brain energy use as a percent of resting body usage most vertebrates: 2 to 8% apes and some monkeys: 13% Humans: 20% no investment for 50,000 years in the future What was the brain used for in the mean time? Forms of Darwinian Selection Natural "nature red in tooth and claw" competition for food and for staying alive Sexual selection selection Competition for mates Sexual Selection Female mate selection asymmetry of costs lead to male display and female selection male birds generally have the plumage male humans have orgasm relatively easily, females less easily Females are choosing but also male selection in humans - why? hidden estrous requires multiple copulations male investment in childrearing?? or just ongoing courtship The Handicap Principle Handicap’s provide useful signalsthat the male is fit Handicaps in human Aside: the immorality of handcap Sexual selection causes runaway "fads" peacock's feathers Advertising fitness Fitness Genetic quality Health and nutrition Sports what do you win? - status Conspicuous consumption Conspicuous generosity not kinship or reciprocal altruism External Phenotype Genes for spiders web beavers nest Bowerbird’s bowers Human handaxes? Human art? Bower Birds Art as sexual selection? We like art because we find it beautiful and fullfilling Clothes, jewlery, body paint long before European cave paintings of 30,000 years ago More common for males artist we like eating good food because it tastes good why? if asked why they do it, might not say it is for sex Art requires male brains to produce and female to appreciate/select) Courtship in the pleistocene - and now meat hunting sustinance? but not efficient to hunt big animals buying sexual favors? but mostly not directed to potential maies display of fitness end up giving most of it away assortive mating giving of flowers or champagne brings pleasure not usefullness. - but why pleasure? certainly not a "fair exchange" for a prostitute Hot vs. Cold choosers Cold Hot derives pleasure (curiosity, warmth, happiness, awe, lust, adoration) pick mate that makes you feel best Cold and hot appears to give identical behavior hardwired algorithm for choosing a good mate how would you know if the computer is happy? but hot provides a much more general mechanism happiness can result from good food, good nest, thriving children ... Subliminal semantic categorization a) LVF b) RVF W. W. Norton Prior exposure to one of top two pictures biases perception of character of neutral boy W. W. Norton Dissociation between priming and explicit memory W. W. Norton Cotterill, R.M.J. (1997). On the neural correlates of consciousness. Jpn. J. Cogn. Sci. 4:31-34. “The chicken claw goes with chicken and you need a shovel to clean out the chicken shed.” Is there a left frontal interpreter or scenario generator? Efron’s simultaneity W. W. Norton W. W. Norton Evolution 1. 2. 3. 4. Temporal lobe epilepsy and religious visions Ramachandran’s experiments with TLE Historical figures Moses, St. Paul, Ellen G. White Heritability (.45) W. W. Norton W. W. Norton W. W. Norton W. W. Norton W. W. Norton W. W. Norton W. W. Norton