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Motivation & Emotion
Slide # 1
Instinct Theory
 William James
 Humans are
motivated by a
variety of instincts
 Instincts: inherited
tendencies that are
not subject to
reason
Slide # 2
Instincts
Present at Birth
 Sucking reflex
 Facial expressions
like smiling
 Hunger, thirst,
warmth
 Helping,
aggression, mate
selection
Slide # 3
Freud and
Instinct Theory
 Freud believed that
instincts motivate
human behavior
 Motivation is caused
by sexual and
aggressive instincts
Slide # 4
Today’s Views
 Few psychologists
today subscribe to
instinct theory
 Instinct theory
leaves out the roles
that learning and
culture play
Slide # 5
Evolutionary Theories
 Motivation is a
product of evolution
 Survey of 10,000
men and women in
33 countries on six
continents
 What males want
 What females want
Slide # 6
Drive Reduction Theory
By the 1950s, drive reduction theory
had replaced instinct theory
Clark Hull: biological needs demand
satisfaction (food, water, sleep)
Need: state of deprivation
Drive: state of bodily tension caused by
a need
Slide # 7
Drive Reduction (cont.)
Homeostasis = balance
Body temperature, blood sugar, and
oxygen levels
Habits
Slide # 8
Primary vs.
Secondary Drives
Primary (physiological, innate): hunger,
thirst, sexual desire.
Secondary (psychological, result of
experience): wealth, success, social
approval
Relation between primary and
secondary drives
Slide # 9
Harry Harlow
 Challenged drive
reduction theory
 Claimed that Hull
overlooked
important factors
Slide # 10