Download rocks_minerals_soil_5th

Rocks, Minerals, and
Soil
By: ___________
Table of Contents
1. Word Bank
2. What I Know
3.
pg. 1
pg. 6
Word Bank
1
1. mineral – a solid, natural material made
from nonliving substances in the
ground.
2. streak – the color of the powder left
behind when the mineral rubbed on a
rough surface
3. color – the color of the surface of the
mineral.
Word Bank
2
4. luster – the way a mineral reflects light
from its surface. (how shiny or dull a
mineral appears)
5. hardness – a measure of how well a
mineral resists scratching. (test: scratch
test)
6. cleavage – the measure of how smooth
a surface is. (the # of planes where a
mineral breaks)
7. fracture – the property of a mineral that
shows when it has a rough surface.
Word Bank
3
8. gem – a mineral that is rare, beautiful,
and usually transparent. It glitters and
shines in light (high luster)
9. rock- as solid object made naturally in
Earth’s crust
10. rock cycle – the changing of rocks over
time from one type to another
11. conglomerate – a sedimentary rock
that has small rounded stones that
have been cemented together
Word Bank
13.
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Word Bank
17.
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What I Know
Mohs’ Hardness Scale ranks minerals from 1 10 based on their hardness.
1 – softest
210 – hardest
- TALC
- DIAMOND
Diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds.
We can use known minerals and the scratch test to find
out unknown minerals.
Minerals can be found in nature.
What I Know
7
Minerals can be made from one or more
elements (pure substances)
Example: chromium + beryllium = emerald
Aluminum + oxygen = sapphire
iron + sulfur = pyrite
silicon + oxygen = amethyst
sodium + chlorine = salt
All minerals are made through chemical
changes
What I Know
7
How do we use minerals? (Where can we
find minerals in daily life?)
- toothpaste, computers, jewelry, electrical
wiring, tires, soap, vitamins, paint, on our
food (salt)
Gems can be - Colorful
- Used in jewelry
- Cut into shapes
polished
rough and uneven
What I Know
7
Gem examples:
- Ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, diamond
Most rocks are made of mixtures of materials.
They have different materials because they are made in different
ways.
Scientists classify rocks into 3 types based on the way they are
made:
1. igneous – formed when lava cools and hardens.
2. sedimentary- formed when sediments are
deposited in layers over time.
3. metamorphic- forms when other types of rock
(sedimentary or igneous) change under heat and
pressure without melting.
What I Know
11
Rock Cycle:
Draw diagram here
Igneous Rocks that cool and form inside the
Earth are called intrusive rocks.
This cooling could take 100s of years and so it
produces LARGE crystals.
example: granite
What I Know
11
Igneous Rocks that cool and form on the
outside of the Earth would be called extrusive
rocks.
This cooling happens much faster so it
produces SMALL crystals (or no crystals at all).
Large crystals are not possible because the
rocks cooled too quickly.
Ex: Basalt, obsidian, and Pumice
What I Know
11
Sedimentary Rocks are made of different
materials that have been compacted and
cemented together.
Example: sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate
What I Know
12
In metamorphic rocks, the intense heat and
pressure can –
Change 1 mineral into another
Squeeze particles more tightly together
Crush fossil fragments and crystals in limestone to
look like a jigsaw puzzle.

What I Know
Metamorphic rocks can be Easy to carve and shape
Example: marble
waterproof
Example: slate
Shiny with brilliant colors
Example: marble

12
What I Know
14
3 common uses for igneous rocks are:
1. sharp weapons and tools
2. roads
3. pumice can be used to remove dead skin cells,
grinding, and polishing
3 common uses for sedimentary rocks are:
1. concrete
2. tile
3. brick buildings
What I Know
14
3 common uses for metamorphic rocks are:
1. Slate for roofing houses
2. Marble can be used for kitchen counters, floors,
statues, and monuments
3. Slate can be used for stepping stones and outdoor
patios