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Introduction to Atoms Section 1 page 102- 108 Some videos… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYxr ueCHiQ • You might be giants - Elements History of Atomic Models • Democritus (~400BC) – atomos = small, solid, indestructible particles of different shapes & sizes – These were just ideas, not truly science… • Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803) – Billiard Ball Model - small solid sphere – Developed notion of conservation of mass and that atoms combine in specific ratios History of Atomic Models • J.J. Thomson (1904) – Plum Pudding Model - positive and negative particles dispersed throughout the atom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU8nMKkzbT8 Rutherford – Nuclear Model (1910) – Discovered dense positively charged nucleus of the atom while working with alpha particles • Gold Foil Experiment History of Atomic Models • Neils Bohr – (1913) – Also Solar System Model – Electrons travel in specific, circular orbits • Schrodinger & Heisenburg – (1926) – Quantum Mechanical Model – Dense nucleus w/ protons & neutrons – Electrons exist in ‘clouds’ called orbitals w/ specific energy levels Atomic Theory TIMELINE Create a timeline showing the development of the atomic theory Include the following - Dates - Events - Names - Illustration for each date ATOMS Smallest unit of matter An atom has three parts: Particles Charges Location • Proton = positive (+) center of nucleus • Neutron = no charge center of nucleus • Electron = negative (-) orbit the nucleus 10/1/2013 Atoms QUIZ 1 Particles Protons 3._______ Electrons Charge 1.______ no charge 4. ________ (10 points) Location 2._______ nucleus 5._______ The Atoms Family was created by Kathleen Crawford, 1994 Presentation developed by Tracy Trimpe, 2006, http://sciencespot.net/ The Atoms Family - Atomic Math Challenge Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass Atomic number equals the number of ____________ protons or ________________. electrons Atomic mass equals the number of ______________ + protons _______________. neutrons To find the total of neutrons Subtract atomic # from mass Example: Aluminum 13 protons 27-13 = 14 neutrons # Assignment: Finish the rest of the worksheet and turn it in to your teacher. 10/2/2013 Atoms QUIZ 2 9 F Fluorine 18.998 (10 points) 1. __________ Atomic # 2. __________ Mass 3. __________ # of protons 4. __________# Neutrons 5. __________# Electrons Bohr Diagrams • Find out which period (row) your element is in. • Elements in the 1st period have one energy level. • Elements in the 2nd period have two energy levels, and so on. Nucleus 1st shell 2nd shell 3rd shell Bohr Diagrams C 1) Draw a nucleus with the element symbol inside. 2) Carbon is in the 2nd period, so it has two energy levels, or shells. 3) Draw the shells around the nucleus. Bohr Diagrams C 1) Add the electrons. 2) Carbon has 6 electrons. 3) The first shell can only hold 2 electrons. Bohr Diagrams C 1) Since you have 2 electrons already drawn, you need to add 4 more. 2) These go in the 2nd shell. 3) Add one at a time starting on the right side and going counter clock-wise. Bohr Diagrams 1) Check your work. C 2) You should have 6 total electrons for Carbon. 3) Only two electrons can fit in the 1st shell. 4) The 2nd shell can hold up to 8 electrons. 5) The 3rd shell can hold 18, but the elements in the first few periods only use 8 electrons. Bohr Diagrams Try the following elements on your own: C a) b) c) d) e) f) H He O Al Ne K 10/3/2013 Bohr Model Quiz 3 (10 points) Create a Bohr Model for the following elements: Protons = BLUE Electrons=RED Neutron= GREEN 1. 5 2. 10 B Ne Boron 10.81 Neon 20.180 Organization of Elements and Families Periods on the Periodic Table • Horizontal rows that consist of different elements • From left to right the prosperities change in patterns – Left = highly active – Middle = less active – Right= less active Families on the Periodic Table • Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into FAMILIES bases on their chemical properties. • Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table. • Elements in each family react differently with other elements. ALKALI METALS Brown) Group 1 Elements: -Lithium -Rubidium -Sodium -Cesium -Potassium -Francium • Silvery Solids • Low Densities • Low Melting Points • Hydrogen is NOT a member, it is a non-metal ALKALINE EARTH METALS (dark Green) The Group 2 Elements -Beryllium -Magnesium -Calcium -Strontium -Barium -Radium • Higher melting points than Alkali Metals • Reactive, but less than Alkali metals • Conduct electricity TRANSITION METALS (Light Blue) Groups 3-12 in the middle Good conductors of heat and electricity. Some are used for jewelry. Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes. BORON FAMILY (Red) Group 13 Elements -Boron -Aluminum -Gallium -Indium -Thallium • All are metals except Boron • Aluminum is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust. CARBON FAMILY (Yellow) Group 14 Elements Group 14 Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C) -Carbon -Silicon -Germanium -Tin -Lead • Silicon is used to make semiconductors for computers and other electronics . • Diamond and Graphite are two forms of carbon. NITROGEN FAMILY (Bright green) Group 15 Elements -Nitrogen -Phosphorus -Antimony -Arsenic -Bismuth • Almost 80% of the air we breathe is nitrogen. • Phosphorus is an essential ingredient in healthy teeth and bones. OXYGEN FAMILY (Navy) Group 16 Elements -Oxygen -Sulfur -Selenium -Tellurium -Polonium • About 20% of the Earth’s atmosphere is oxygen. • Sulfuric acid is one the most used chemicals in the world Halogens (orange) Group 17 • 7 electrons in the outer shell • All are nonmetals • Very reactive are often bonded with elements from Group 1 Noble Gases (pink) Group 18 Elements -Helium -Neon -Argon -Krypton -Xenon -Radon • Helium is used to fill balloons. • Neon signs contain noble gases. Rare Earth Metals (purple) • Some are Radioactive • The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals. • Conduct electricity