Download of a mineral? - Bakersfield College

Minerals
Building Blocks of Rocks
1
Mastering Chapter 2 – You should know:



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What minerals are and how they are
different than rocks.
The basic structure of the atom and
how atoms are used to build minerals
(bonding).
How common elements in the earth’s crust make
up the various mineral families.
How to use mineral physical properties and
identify common rock-forming minerals.
The definition of a mineral resource and
understand the characteristics of ore deposits.
2
What makes minerals and rocks ?
Elements
Fe, Mg, Si, O, K
Minerals
chemical compounds
silicon (Si)
quartz
oxygen (O)
orthoclase
iron (Fe)
3
biotite
Rocks
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
granite
sandstone
gneiss
The basic atom model (inside the atom)
Protons +
electron shells
Neutrons
N
Electrons e
Atomic number
e
N N
e e
+++ N
N +++
N
nucleus
4
e
N
e e
• number of protons
• determines chemical
characteristics
• range from 1 (H) to
92 (Ur)
Atomic mass
• protons + neutrons
• neutrons add “atomic
weight”
• same atom can have
varying number of
neutrons-- isotopes
Germanium atoms (Gr)
Oxygen (4)
cobalt (Co) atoms bonding with
copper (Cu) atoms
silicon + oxygen
(silicate tetrahedron)
Silicon (1)
5
Elements and the Periodic Table (PT)
ELEMENTS
6
• Considered a pure substance
• each element has its own atomic number
• About 118 known elements (92 natural, 26 synthetic)
• Elements possess distinctive physical properties
• hardness, boiling points
• solid, liquid, or gas
increasing atomic
numbers
Periods
Groups
similar
properties
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
Interpreting the PT-
79
Au
197.0
Gold
Atomic number
• number of protons
Elemental symbol
Atomic weight
• protons + neutrons
Element name
So, observing the PT patterns and the definition of an element,
what characteristics distinguish one element from another?
Why is an element considered a pure substance????
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I
Earth Science better the second week.
Discuss with a friend:
1. What are the parts of an atom? – be
specific (sub-atomic parts).
2. How would you describe a chemical
element?
3. What distinguishes one element from
another?
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
9
Bonding the atoms (elements)

Atoms bond using
electrons found at the
most outer electron energy
shell (valence shell)
Valence shell
e
e
e
e
e e
P
e
e
e
10
e e
Electrons enter higher shell levels after
lower shell levels have been filled.
Electrons will either be shared or
transferred to other atoms at the
valence shell.
The atom wants to be satisfied or stable
by filling the electron shells to capacity.
Electrons are lost OR gained when
satisfying the outer shell (valence shell).
Ions – the net electric charge of the atom
• loses an electron (positive charge)
• gains an electron (negative charge)
• equal number of electrons/protons
(electrically balanced – neutral)
• Cation (+ ions), Anions (-) ions
Writing a chemical compound
(Chemistry nomenclature)
Chemical compounds form when combining elements
at a specific ratio (atom to atom)
• metals (cations) combine with non-metals (anions)
-2
O
• Examples:
2 H+ + O-2
cation
anion
Na
cation
Molecule
+
Cl
anion
H2O
compound
H+
H+
water
molecule
NaCl
compound
• smallest chemical unit formed by 2 or more atoms
• held together by electromagnetic forces (bonds)
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• expresses properties of the compound
Combining Elements (Atoms) to Make Minerals
Elements are bonded through “electrical glue” using electrons
from various element configurations that form chemical
compounds. Compounds display completely different physical
properties.
Example:
Na
+
Cl
• sodium (Na) • chlorine (Cl)
• metallic
• yellow gas
• soft
• lethal!
• explosive
• lethal!
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NaCl
• halite
• new properties
• compound
• can eat it
• we need it
Bonding the elements – the force that holds the
atoms together in a chemical compound
Types of bonding (atomic bonds)
• Ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Metallic bonding
• Van der Waals bonding
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The Ionic Bond – electrons electrically transferred
1 = valence shell
e
e
e
Na
+
e
The Ionic Bond
e
Cl
e
Sodium ion wants to
lose the electron
(+) positive charge ion
7 = valence shell
e
e
= NaCl
e
Chlorine ion wants to
gain the electron
(-) charged ion
• moderate strength and hardness
• weak bond (salt dissolves in water)
Mineral examples
• halite (table salt)
• biotite
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Loses electrons at the
valence shell
(+) charged ions
Gain or share
electrons at
the valence shell
NaCl = Halite (Salt)
(-) charged ions
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The Covalent Bond – sharing electrons
e
c
e
e
c
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
c
e
The Diamond
“perfect geometry”
e
c e
e
c
e
e
e
e
e
e
c
e
e
e
The Covalent Bond
•the strongest bond
•most minerals will scratch glass
•extremely hard to break the bonds
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Metallic bonding – tightly packed atoms “stick”
to each other (a form of sharing). Outermost electrons
(loosely held) freely move from one atom to the next.
• good conductors of heat and
electricity
• heavy “dense”
• malleable (metals bend easily)
• polish easily
Examples of metallic minerals:
galena (PbS)
pyrite (Fe2S)
gold (Au)
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Van der Waals bonding – weak attraction between
electrically neutral molecules; (+) end of the molecule
is attracted to the (-) end of the molecule.
Graphite example
Carbon
atoms
• very weak bonds
Van der
Waals bonds
• easily broken
Covalent
bonds
• “layers” slip past one
another
So, why do graphite and diamond display
different physical properties (hardness???)—
They are both composed of carbon.
18
I
Earth Science.
Discuss with a friend:
1. What part of the atom bonds together
to form compounds?
3. Explain the differences between ionic,
covalent, metallic, and Van der
Waals bonds.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
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What are Minerals?
What objects below do you think are
minerals??
Gold
Water
Gasoline Wood
Diamond
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Why are gold, pyrite, and diamond
considered minerals?
The 5-part mineral definition:
• Naturally occurring
• Inorganic (non-living)
• Homogeneous – solid
• Definite chemical composition
• Definite crystalline internal structure
• 4,000 different minerals (fits 5-part definition)
• 25 common minerals combined to form rocks
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I
the geological sciences.
Discuss with a friend:
1. What is the “5-part definition” of a
mineral?
2. Name 3 substances that are NOT
minerals and 3 substances that are
minerals.
3. Is ice a mineral? Is water a mineral?
why or why not?
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
22
Do all minerals possess a definite or specific
chemical composition?
Atomic substitution:
• Two elements can have similar sizes and be
substituted within a compound.
• Bonding properties are similar.
Example: the mineral Olivine series (Fe2+, Mg2+)
• Both ions are similar in size and charge.
• Ions exchange (in ratio) with each other within the
crystal lattice.
Olivine series
Fe2SiO4
fayolite
(Fe,Mg)2SiO4
“olivine”
Mg2SiO4
forsterite
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What’s inside a mineral
A mineral’s crystalline structure (internal
geometric shape) is the result of the
atomic arrangement of atoms (how the
atoms align).
Dependent on:
• the size of various combining ions
• how the ions bond together
Cl (Chlorine atom)
Na (Sodium atom)
24
Do ALL minerals “grow” and show the observer
their crystalline shape? (how the atoms combine)
Pyrite
Fe2S
Quartz
SiO2
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Why do some minerals show their
internal structure to the observer?
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Chihuahua Desert, Mexico
large gypsum crystals
formed 150 feet below the
surface
27
Enough space
Enough time
Enough solution
The atomic arrangement of atoms in a liquid
• there is none
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• atoms are randomly arranged
• an amorphous solid
• a “liquid-type” solid possessing no internal
structure
• amorphous material has no melting point
• Example:
amorphous
glass, plastic, wax
structure
Waxes
Glass
crystalline
structure
Plastic
I
geology better the second week.
Discuss with a friend:
1. What dictates a mineral’s crystalline
structure?
2. What conditions must be met to form
perfect crystal faces?
3. Do all minerals show their crystalline
structure to the observer (why/why not)?
4. Describe the differences between
amorphous and crystalline structures.
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Mineral Identification
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• Minerals are properly identified using a combination of
physical properties that reflect the mineral’s crystalline
structure and chemical composition.
Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
• luster – how the mineral reflects light
• hardness – the resistance to scratching
• crystal form – angle between crystal faces
• cleavage – breaks along atomic planes of
weakness
• streak – color of the powdered residue left on a
porcelain plate
• color – most noticeable, least reliable
• density – “How heavy is the mineral for its size?”
Luster of the Mineral
How the mineral reflects light – Is the mineral metallic
or non-metallic?
Metallic luster – “shiny,” like polished metal
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Non-metallic
vitreous
“glassy”
(vitreous, resinous, pearly, greasy, earthy)
resinous
pearly
greasy
earthy
“tree sap”
pearls
chalk
Hardness of a Mineral
Is the mineral “soft” or “hard,” or how resistant is it to
scratching?
• governed by the mineral’s crystal structure and
chemical bonds
• the stronger the bond, the harder the mineral
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Mohs Hardness Scale
Relative hardness,
not uniform
Crystal faces – any solid body that has grown with
flat “planar” surfaces called crystal faces
• The same mineral may grow in a large, small,
or skinny form, but the ANGLE between crystal faces
will always remain the same.
• reflects the internal atomic arrangement of atoms
• proved by Danish physician- Nicolaus Steno, 1669
• Steno’s Law states:
The angle between any corresponding
pairs of crystal faces of a given mineral is
constant no matter what the overall shape
or size of the crystal might be.
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Examples of atom by atom crystal growth
exhibiting various angles
fat, skinny, tall, short, etc… all the same angles
34
Cleavage Planes- repeating smooth flat surfaces where
the mineral breaks along planes of atomic weakness
• Once the mineral breaks, flat surfaces repeat the
same angle on broken fragments.
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• Cleavage angles are consistent.
• Examples:
Mica minerals – have one
perfect plane of cleavage,
“cleave” like book pages
Streak – the color of the powder left on a porcelain
plate (streak plate)
• The mineral is rubbed on a porcelain plate leaving
a colored powder.
• The mineral color does not always give the same color
of powdered residue on the porcelain plate.
Mineral’s streak
The mineral’s streak is not
always the same color as the
mineral.
Hematite
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Color – the appearance of the mineral, “What color are
these minerals?”
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Density- “How heavy is the mineral?”
Which weighs more?- a pound of feathers or a pound of
gold??
• How much mass can be packed in a given volume?
• D = M/V, units of g/cm3
• high-density minerals = closely packed atoms
low-density minerals = less packed atoms
Range of common mineral densities: 2.5 g/cm3 – 3.0 g/cm3
Experience allows the earth scientist to just “lift” the
mineral and determine if it is less or greater than the
density range for common minerals.
• metallic minerals feel heavy for their size
• non-metallic (vitreous) minerals feel light for their
size
38
I
geology better the second week.
Discuss with a friend:
1. Briefly describe the following mineral
physical properties:
luster
hardness
crystal form
streak
cleavage
density
color
39
Mineral Families
• Scientists have identified approx. 4,000 minerals.
• What’s in a rock? – common elements that make up
rocks
8 elements make up the rock forming minerals
Oxygen (O)
Silicon (Si)
Aluminum (Al)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Other
Ti, H, Mn, P
45.20%
27.20%
8.00%
5.80%
5.06%
2.77%
2.32%
1.68%
> 1%
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Minerals of the Earth’s Crust
Minerals are separated into mineral classes.
based on the anion complex
 metal (Cation) + non-metal (Anion)
 Example: NaCl

Cation
Anion
The Mineral Groups according to the anion
Oxides (0)
Native Elements
Silicates (Si04)
Sulfides (S)
Halides (Group 17)
Sulfates (S04)
Carbonates (C03)
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What two elements combined would produce the most
abundant mineral group?
Si and 0
Silicon and Oxygen combined make the Silicate mineral group.
•Largest mineral group
•Si + 0 = (Si04)4-
•Forms the Si04 Tetrahedron
• covalently bonded
•4 oxygens with 1 silicon
•building block for all silicate minerals
•very strong bond – hard to break
•(Si04)-4 unstable, wants to combine with metals
“triangles” put together – very stable
makes tough, hard minerals
42
I
geology better the third week.
Discuss with a friend:
1. How are minerals grouped? Name
at least four groups.
2. Name the two most common elements
comprising the rock forming minerals.
3. Describe the characteristics of the silicate
tetrahedron.
4. Why is the tetrahedron so strong?
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
43
How the silicate tetrahedrons bond:
• silicate tetrahedron configurations are a function of temp.
• bonding of most silicates is a combination of
covalent and ionic bonds
Silicate
Hot
tetrahedron
Single tetrahedron
Mg2SiO4
Olivine
Hexagonal ring
Be3Al2Si6O18
Beryl
Single chain
Ca Mg (SiO3)2
Pyroxene
Double chain
group
Ca2Mg5(Si4O11)2(OH)2
Amphibole
Sheet
group
K(MgFe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mica
group
SiO
44
Framework
tetrahedron
2
Cool
Accessory Minerals – less common minerals but
widely present in rocks in small concentrations
• Accessory minerals do not determine the properties
of rocks.
• Some are economically important.
• galena – PbS
chalcopyrite – CuFeS2
(lead ore)
(copper ore)
Some minerals have the same composition but
differ in their atomic structure.
• Polymorphs
• graphite and diamond (carbon)
• calcite and aragonite (calcium carbonate)
• pyrite and marcasite (FeS2- iron sulfide)
45
What’s in your rock?:
Hornblende
Granite
Orthoclase
Quartz
aggregates of minerals
Biological material
Fossil fragments
Plant material
3
Understanding rocks is the basic foundation of
knowledge for earth scientists and materials that
make up the earth.
• Every rock “speaks” to the observer and gives
clues about where and how it was formed.
• Rocks are divided into 3 major groups:
• Igneous
• formed from solidifying hot molten
rock (magma)
• Sedimentary
• formed on the surface of the earth from
weathering processes
• Metamorphic
• pre-existing rocks are subjected to
various pressure and temperature
relationships
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6
The Rock Cycle
The Sedimentary Cycle
The Rock Cycle:
7
• where the earth’s internal forces meet
the earth’s external forces (at the earth’s
surface)
Earth’s internal forces
Earth’s external forces
• moving continents (PT)
• earthquakes
• elevation of mountains
• volcanic eruptions
• the hydrosphere (HC)
• atmosphere
• erosion (wind, water, ice)
• biosphere activities
Produce a continuous cycle of rising mountains only to be
weathered down and uplifted repeatedly. As a result, igneous
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are created.
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I
geology, especially
the rock cycle !!!!!!!!!!!!!
Discuss with a friend:
1. Briefly identify each rock group and
its geologic environment.
2. Draw the rock cycle, and explain how the
rock cycle works to your neighbor.
3. Why is the rock cycle a “cycle”???
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.