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Chapter 7 Quantum Theory of the Atom Dr. S. M. Condren Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic wave • A wave of energy having a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum and propagated as a periodic disturbance of the electromagnetic field when an electric charge oscillates or accelerates. Dr. S. M. Condren Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic wave • wavelength • frequency • amplitude Dr. S. M. Condren Electromagnetic Radiation nl= c where n => frequency l => wavelength c => speed of light Dr. S. M. Condren Wave Nature of the Electron Dr. S. M. Condren Electromagnetic Spectrum Dr. S. M. Condren Line Emission Spectrum Dr. S. M. Condren Line Spectrum A spectrum produced by a luminous gas or vapor and appearing as distinct lines characteristic of the various elements constituting the gas. Dr. S. M. Condren Emission Spectrum The spectrum of bright lines, bands, or continuous radiation characteristic of and determined by a specific emitting substance subjected to a specific kind of excitation. Dr. S. M. Condren Ground State The state of least possible energy in a physical system, as of elementary particles. Also called ground level. Dr. S. M. Condren Excited State Being at an energy level higher than the ground state. Dr. S. M. Condren Photoelectric Effect • the emission of electrons by substances, especially metals, when light falls on their surfaces. Dr. S. M. Condren Photoelectric Effect Dr. S. M. Condren Quantum Mechanics Quantum theory • the theory of the structure and behavior of atoms and molecules. Dr. S. M. Condren Black Body Radiation http://www.cbu.edu/~mcondren/C11599/BBvis.mov Dr. S. M. Condren Electromagnetic Radiation Ehi - Elo = hc/l where E => energy h => Planck's constant c => speed of light l => wavelength Dr. S. M. Condren Photons The quantum of electromagnetic energy, generally regarded as a discrete particle having zero mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. Dr. S. M. Condren Dispersion of White Light Dr. S. M. Condren The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen and the Bohr Model Bohr Model for the Hydrogen Atom mnr = nh/2p Dr. S. M. Condren Bohr Atom Dr. S. M. Condren Bohr Model E = -B/n2 where n => quantum number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc Dr. S. M. Condren Bohr Model for hydrogen ground state: n = 1 excited state: n > 1 Dr. S. M. Condren Bohr Model E = (-2.179 X 10-18 J/part.) (6.022 X 1023 part./mole) (1 kJ/103 J)/n2 = (-1312 kJ/mol)(1/n2) Dr. S. M. Condren Electron Transition in a Hydrogen Atom Lyman series => ultraviolet n > 1 ==> n = 1 Balmer series => visible light n > 2 ==> n = 2 Paschen series => infrared n > 3 ==> n = 3 Dr. S. M. Condren Line Spectra See CHEMWORKS software Dr. S. M. Condren Absorption Spectrum • Light shinning on a sample causes electrons to be excited from the ground state to an excited state • wavelengths of that energy are removed from transmitted spectra Dr. S. M. Condren Knowing diamond is transparent, which curve best represents the absorption spectrum of diamond (see below)? A, B, C Dr. S. M. Condren According to the energy diagram below for the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, if an electron jumps from E1 to E2, energy is absorbed emitted not involved Dr. S. M. Condren Heisenberg, Werner 1901–76, German physicist 1932 Nobel Prize in physics A founder of QUANTUM MECHANICS, he is famous for his uncertainty principle, which states that it is impossible to determine both the position and momentum of a subatomic particle (such as the electron) with arbitrarily high accuracy. Dr. S. M. Condren Heissenberg Uncertainty Principle “it is impossible to determine both the position and momentum of a subatomic particle (such as the electron) with arbitrarily high accuracy” The effect of this principle is to convert the laws of physics into statements about relative, instead of absolute, certainties. Dr. S. M. Condren Orbitals • region of probability of finding an electron around the nucleus • 5 types => s p d f • maximum of 2 electrons per orbital Dr. S. M. Condren Pure Atomic Orbitals s p d f shape # of orbitals / energy level spherical 1 dumbbell 3 complex 5 very complex 7 Dr. S. M. Condren Atomic Orbitals, s-type Dr. S. M. Condren Atomic Orbitals, p-type Dr. S. M. Condren Atomic Orbitals, d-type Dr. S. M. Condren Atomic Orbitals, f-type Dr. S. M. Condren Shapes of Orbitals http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/DEMOS/Orbitals.html Dr. S. M. Condren