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Transcript
Artificial Transmutation Mr. Shields Regents Chemistry U02 L04 Induced (or artificial) Transformation … The process of striking nuclei with high energy particles in order to create (I.e change them into) new elements AN ALCHEMISTS DREAM ! Converting Lead into Gold Early History 1919 Rutherford performs the first induced transformation in a laboratory Slams an alpha particle into a nitrogen nucleus and creates oxygen! 4 2He + 14 17 O + 1 p N 7 8 1 Remember this reaction? It’s how Rutherford discovered the Proton + Early History This New Zealand stamp recognizes the world's first successful alchemist who converted nitrogen atoms into oxygen atoms. Induced vs. Natural -INDUCED TRANSMUTATION is not the same as Natural Radioactivity (or NATURAL TRANSMUTATION) -In Natural Transmutation a nucleus spontaneously decays into another nucleus by emitting one of several particles - INDUCED TRANSMUTATIONS require one particle to be slammed into another to induce the change Atom Smashers - Induced transformations reactions require hi velocity particles to overcome the repulsion of the charged particle or nucleus Nuc+ P+ - These Transmutations were originally achieved in LINEAR Accelerators like the one at Stanford (SLAC) 2 miles long The first type of Accelerator built Lower range of collision energies achieved Atom Smashers CIRCULAR Accelerators like the one at FERMI Lab are typically used in ATOM Smashing - Used to explore what is inside neutrons and protons - Energies greatly exceed Linear accelerators - High energy electrostatic & magnetic fields accelerate CHARGED particles which then slams into the target - Particles typically approach the speed of light Fermi Lab Fermilab in Illinois stretches almost 10 square miles. The Tevatron is the world’s highest energy atom smasher Worlds largest Hi energy particle Collider (built in 1983) Can produce Particle Energies Of 2 trillion EV 4 miles in circumference Booster ring Transuranium elements Since Rutherford, Scientists have made hundreds of new isotopes AND new elements - All elements above atomic no. 92 are called TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS - All transuranium elements are MAN MADE in atom smashers using induced transmutation 1. - 1940: First element above atomic no. 92 are made 238 92U + 10n ——> 23992U + gamma ray beta 239 92U ——> 239 93Np (2.36 days) Transuranium elements - 1950: Elements through atomic no. 98 (Cf; Californium) 242 96Cm + 42He ——> 24598Cf (45 min) + 10n - 1960: Elements through atomic no. 102 (No: Nobelium) 248 96Cm + 126C ——> 256102No (3.3 sec) + 410n -1998: Highest atomic number synthesized to date is Atomic Number 118 (As yet unnamed) Problems: So we can use nuclear eqs. To determine what radioIsotope should be created if we know the other Particles. Try this … Write the nuclear equation for the bombardment of Calcium – 40 with a positron, forcing the emission of an alpha particle as one of the products. 40Ca 20 + 0e +1 36K 19 + 4He 2