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Atomic Structure every atom has two main parts: 1) nucleus- the center of the atom and is made up off protons (+) and neutrons (0). 2) electron cloud- surrounds the nucleus and is made up of electrons (-) Electron Cloud the electron cloud is organized into energy levels 1st energy level = 2 electrons 2nd energy level = 8 electrons valence electrons – the electrons in the outermost energy level. electron cloud 1st energy level HYDROGEN available space for another electron 0 nucleus atomic number – number of protons in the nucleus. balanced atom – equal number of protons and electrons; has no charge. CARBON 2nd energy level 00 000 0 balanced atom 6 proton = 6 electrons 1st energy level LITHIUM 3+ balanced atom 3 proton = 3 electrons FLUORINE 9+ balanced atom 9 proton = 9 electrons Meaning of Life balanced atoms = unhappy atoms stable atoms = happy atoms Atoms become stable when they complete their outermost energy level. 2 ways to complete the outmost energy level: 1) find a home for their valence electrons 2) get electrons from other atoms. LITHIUM Li FLUORINE Fl 1 Lithium & 1 Fluorine = Lithium fluoride structure formula Li F LiF Carbon & Hydrogen H C H H H 1 Carbon & 4 Hydrogen = Methane H structure H C H formula CH4 H Oxidation Numbers The oxidations number indicates if an atom is going to give up electrons or take in electrons in order to become stable. Positive oxidation numbers mean the atom is going to give up electrons. Negative oxidation numbers mean the atom is going to take in electrons LITHIUM Li 3+ balanced but not stable +1 Stable and happy FLUORINE 9+ balanced but not stable F -1 Stable and happy H H C H C -4 CH4 H H +1 Element Atomic # Valance e-s Oxidation # N 7 5 -3 O 8 6 -2 K 19 1 +1 Al 13 3 +3 C 6 4 +/-4 10 8 0 Ne ion – an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge. Li+ O-2 Mg+2 F- polyatomic ions- a group of atoms that react as a single ion. NH4+ NO3- SO4-2 PO4-3 ammonium nitrate sulfate phosphate Polyatomic Ions Acetate Hydrogen Carbonate Hydroxide Ammonium NH4 +1 C2H3O2 -1 HCO3 -1 OH -1 Nitrate NO3 -1 Nitrite NO2 -1 Chlorate ClO3 -1 Carbonate CO3 -2 Sulfate SO4 -2 Sulfite SO3 -2 Phosphate PO4 -3 Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas have positive and negative ions when combined have their oxidation numbers equaling zero. + Mg+2 + Cl-1 K+ + SO4-2 NH4+ + S-2 Zn+2 + PO4-3 Ca+2 O-2 CaO calcium oxide MgCl2 magnesium chloride K2SO4 potassium sulfate (NH4)2S ammonium sulfide Zn3(PO4)2 zinc phosphate Atoms become stable when they react with other atoms. When atoms react, they form a chemical bond. 3 Types of Chemical Bonds: 1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3) Metallic Ionic bonds form as a result of the attraction between positive and negative ions. + Na Cl NaCl sodium chloride table salt - Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms. O + O O O O2 being happy some of the time is better than none of the time. Metallic bonds form between positively charged metal ions and the free moving valence electrons. - + - + - - + - + - - + - + - - - + - - - - + - + - + - - + - + - + - - A “sea” of electrons moving around the positively charged metal ions + -