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Week 2 Class Notes
Tonight
• Weather Review
• Atmosphere (Chapter 1)
• Weather Observations
• Geography 101 (in class aggignment)
• Weather Maps
Next Week
• Heat & Energy (chapter 2)
• More Weather Maps
Weather Review
Weather Review
Weather Review
Weather Review
Tue 10 PM
Wed 10 AM
Wed 10 PM
Thu 10 AM
Thu 10 PM
Fri 10 AM
Fri 10 PM
Sat 10 AM
Weather Songs
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I Can't Stand The Rain
Its raining man
Hurricane
Sun is Shining
Singing in the Rain
Come Clean
Purple Rain
I'm Only Happy When It Rains
If You Steal My Sunshine
Hello Sunshine
Hotel California
Raindrops Keep Fallin on My
Head
It's Raining On Prom Night
Blame It On The Rain
Make it Rain
Ain't no Sunshine
Rock You Like A Hurricane
The rain song
I Wish It Would Rain
Stormy Weather
Snowball
Pennies from Heaven
Five Feet High and Rising
Lightning Strikes
Summer
Holidays in the Sun
Westwind
She’s like the Wind
Running Against the Wind
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The Lighthouse's Tale
Winter Wonderland
Rainy Day Woman
Strangers in the Wind
Walking On Clouds
Catch the Wind
Riders on the Storm
Steal My Sunshine
And It Rained All Night
Flowers Never Bend with the
Rainfall
Gravity's Rainbow
Hey Mr. Rain
No Rain
One Rainy Wish
Acid Rain Drops
Dust in the Wind
Weather Songs
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How I Wish it Would Rain
Let it Snow
You Are My Sun Shine
Its Raining Men
Tears and Rain
Rain Stained Melodies
Ain't No Sunshine
No Rain
Rain Down On Me
Wheel in the Sky
Frosty the Snow Man
And it Rained All Night
Rain
A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall
Blueberry Rain
Pennies From Heaven
I Can’t Stand the Rain
Crooked Teeth
Make it Rain
Riders on the storm
Let the rain fall down
Rainy Days
It's Raining Men
Fire and Rain
Texas Flood
Let it Rain
The Wind Cries Mary
Sunday Morning
Riders On the Storm
Rainy Days and Mondays
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Here Comes the Sun
Singing In The Rain
Follow the Sun
Fire and Rain
Love a Rainy Night
Walking On Sunshine
Ain't No Sunshine
My Girl
Drops of Jupiter
Summer Breeze
Cold Day In July
Stormy Weather
Have You Ever Seen the Rain?
It Never Rains in Southern California
Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head
You Are the Sunshine of My Life
Over the Rainbow
Rhythm of Rain
Rainy Days
Umbrella
Blame It on the Weatherman
It's Raining Men
Cold Wind
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
The Rain Song
Rock You Like a Hurricane
I'm Praying for Rain
Hurricane
Pressure Zone
Raining on Sunday
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There's No Sunshine Anymore
Kisses in the Rain
Rihanna Umbrella
Flowers Never Bend With The
Rainfall
Make it Rain
I Can't Stand the Rain
Obscured By Clouds
Blame It on the Rain
Sunny Rain
Lightning Strikes
And It Rained All Night
Thunder Rolls
Storm
Snow
Fire, Fire
This Weather
Itsy Bitsy Spider
Electrical Storm
She’s Like the Wind
Pressure
The
Atmosphere
Thin
If the earth were the size
of an apple, the skin
would be about the
same as the
atmosphere.
Precious Commodity
• Important medium for life
– Plants get most of their mass from carbon in the air
– Animals rely on oxygen
• Chemical composition determines
– “Breathability”
– Radiation balance
• How much sunlight is reflected
• How much sunlight is absorbed
• How much outbound (thermal) radiation is absorbed
Composition
• Permanent and Variable Gases
Particulates (Aerosols)
1 cm3 of air can contain
as
many
as
200,000
nonO
gaseous particles.
3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
dust
dirt (soil)
ocean spray
volcanic ash
water
pollen
pollutants
Role of Particulates
• Scattering of sunlight.
• Condensation nuclei for water vapor.
• Surface or catalyst for atmospheric chemistry.
PM 10 and PM 2.5
• Fine Particles 10μm and 2.5μm
• μm = μ = micron = micrometer
• “Spare the Air” Nights
• Unhealthy Air
Origin of the Atmosphere
Origin of the Atmosphere
Primordial Atmosphere
• First Atmosphere
– Planet Formation:
O3 Hydrogen, Helium (Methane, Ammonia)
from the solar nebula (very light gasses)
Secondary Atmosphere
• Second Atmosphere
O
3
– Volcanic Outgassing
(~85% H2O, ~10% CO2, ~ SO2, ~ ash)
– Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor,
Sulfur compounds
– Nitrogen compounds
– Cometary Impacts (H2O, CO2)
Present Atmosphere
• Third Atmosphere (present day)
– Removal of Carbon Dioxide (back on the increase?)
O3
• Water (Ocean stores 5 times atmosphere)
• Photosynthesis
• Photoplankton absorption
– Nitrogen increase
(breakup of nitrogen
compounds by UV)
– Oxygen increase
(photosynthesis)
Atmospheric Pressure
• aka Barometric
O
Pressure
• Weight of column of
air
• Atmospheric Pressure
& Density ALWAYS
DECREASE WITH
ALTITUDE
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Layers of the Atmosphere
• Troposphere
• Tropopause
• Stratosphere
• Stratopause
• Mesosphere
• Mesopause
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
Lower Atmosphere
• Troposphere:
–
–
–
–
Greek word “tropein” = change
Extending to about 36,000’ (10 km.)
Contains most of atmosphere and most “weather.”
80% of the atmosphere
• Tropopause – isothermal layer (36,000 - 65,000’)
• 99.99997% of atmosphere by mass is below 60,000’
• Stratosphere:
– 65,000 -165,000’
– Temperature increase because of ozone absorption of UV
– Region is very stable against vertical air motions and its
structure is “stratified.”
Upper Atmosphere
• Mesosphere:
– “Middle sphere”
– 165,000’ – 295,000’
– Only 0.01% of the total atmosphere but same percentage of
gases.
• Thermosphere:
– > 295,000’
– “Hot Layer”
– Very low density and exposed to the greatest amount of
solar insolation.
– Changes in solar output greatly affect the temperature in the
thermosphere. These changes cause the region to shrink and
puff out, providing atmospheric drag on low orbit satellites in
space.
Higher Layers
• Exosphere: The outer limits of earth’s atmosphere.
– The interface between earth and space.
• Ionosphere
– Not a True Layer - Electrified region
– Top of stratosphere through most of mesosphere
– “Reflects”
radio waves
AM Radio and the Ionosphere
AM radio absorption/reflection depends upon the
ionization states of molecules in the ionosphere.
Standard Atmosphere
Define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and
other properties over a wide range of altitudes.
Pressure
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Altitude
364’
3243’
6394’
9883’
13,801’
18,290’
23573’
30,065’
38.662’
53.083’
Temperature
12.28 C
8.57
2.33
-4.58
-12.34
-21.23
-31.71
-44.57
-56.5
-56.5
Primary Levels
1000 mb = Surface
850 mb = 5,000’
700 mb = 10,000’
500 mb = 18,000’ (middle of atmosphere)
300 mb = 30,000’
Lapse Rate
• The change of temperature with altitude
– Usually cools with altitude
– Inversions – warming with height
– Isothermal – no change with height
• Approximate average lapse rate:
– ~ 3.6 oF (2o C) per 1000 feet
• This rate changes from day to day
– Due to different airmasses
– Changes in humidity.
Greenhouse Gasses
• CO2 – carbon dioxide
• H2O - water
• N2O – nitrous oxides
• CH4 - methane
• O3 – Ozone (insignificant)
• Transparent in visible wavelengths
– emitted by the sun
• Absorption in the infrared wavelengths
– emitted by the earth’s surface
Carbon Dioxide CO2
• Sources
O
– vegetative decay
– volcanic eruptions
– animal exhalation
– combustion of fossil
fuels
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• Sinks
– dissolves in water
– photosynthesis (oxygen production)
– phytoplankton absorption (limestone formation)
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Ozone (O3)
• Two Types of Ozone
• Surface (i.e., tropospheric)
– Primary ingredient in
photochemical smog
– “Spare the Air” days
• Stratospheric (6 to 31 mi)
– Naturally forms
– Protective layer from UV
Ozone Destruction
• Surface Ozone
Ozone Destruction
• Stratospheric Ozone
– UV radiation has enough
energy to naturally
break up the molecule.
– Acclerated by CFCs’
• Hairspray, freon etc.
• Catalyst
• Accelerate Breakdown
Ozone Destruction
Ozone
Hole
1978
Ozone
Hole
1988
Ozone
Hole
1998
Ozone
Hole
2008
Meteorology Conventions
Mathematics Angles
(Cardinal Directions)
Meteorology Angles
90
180
N=0
0
270
W = 270
E = 90
S = 180
Altitude
In meteorology altitude is represented on charts as
increasing upward.
Altitude
Temperature
Time Conventions
Greenwich Mean Time
• GMT
• UTC (Coordinate Universal Time)
• Zulu (Z)
• PST = UTC – 8 hours
• PDT = UTC – 7 hours
– 0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT
– 1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PST
WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
° What We Measure
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
Cloud Cover
Visibility
Precipitation
Winds
Temperature
Humidity
Pressure
Clouds
° Cloud Cover (Tenths of the sky)
°
°
°
°
Clear < 1/10th
Scattered 1/10th - 5/10th
Broken 6/10th - 9/10th
Overcast > 9/10th
° Cloud type
° Cloud height
°
°
°
°
Ceilometer
Aircraft
Balloon
Estimation
Visibility
° Horizontal Distance
° More than 1/2 of the
horizon
° Restrictions if < 7 miles
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°
°
°
°
Smoke
Haze
Fog
Rain
Snow
° Transmissometer
Precipitation
° Type
°
°
°
°
Rain
Snow
Drizzle
Hail
° Amount
° Locations
° Rain gauge
° Snow stakes
Tipping Bucket Raingauge
Wind
° Direction
° Where wind comes from
° Compass points or degrees
° Wind vane, estimate
° Speed
° Knots or MPH
° Sustained vs
Gusts
° Anemometer
Temperature/ Humidity
° Temperature
° Well ventilated, shady, 5’
° Scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin
° Thermometer, Thermister
° Humidity
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°
°
°
°
Relative Humidity (%)
Dew Point (F,C)
Wet Bulb (F,C)
Psychrometer
Hygrometer
Barometric Pressure
° Force of air
pressing down
° Barometer
° Mercurial
° Aneroid
° Units
° Inches of Mercury
° Millibars
Map Classwork
Map Classwork
Map Classwork
Map Classwork
Map Classwork
Map Classwork
Weather Symbols and Maps
Station model
80
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021
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Weather Symbols
Sky Symbols
Wind Symbols
Pressure Tendency
Station model
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Station model breakdown
80
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Total sky cover
** Depicted by shading
in circle
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Station model breakdown
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Dew point temperature
Surface: ºF
Upper air: ºC
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Station model breakdown
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Current weather conditions
** If blank, “no weather”
Station model breakdown
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Wind direction
** Points to direction from which the wind
is coming
Station model breakdown
80
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Wind speed
Long barb = 10 knots
Short barb = 5 knots
Flag = 50 knots
** Notice range of wind speeds (i.e., 28-32 knots)
Station model breakdown
80
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Sea level pressure
**If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front
--Otherwise, place 10 in front
**Place decimal point between last two numbers
Station model breakdown
80
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Change in surface pressure during last 3 hours
** In tenths of mb
** Line describes how pressure changes over time
from left to right
Example 1
• Temperature: 76 ºF
• Dew point: 65 ºF
• Sky cover: Completely
overcast
• Current weather: Light rain
• Wind direction and speed:
Southwest at 15 knots
• Sea level pressure: 995.3
mb
• Pressure tendency:
Increase of 1.6 mb; rising
steadily
76
65
953
+16
Example 2
•Temperature: 10ºF
•Dew point: 8ºF
•Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10
•Current weather: Snow shower
•Wind direction and speed: North
at 3-7 knots
•Sea level pressure: 1010.5 mb
•Pressure tendency: Decrease of
0.4 mb; falling, then steady
10
8
105
-4
High & Low Pressure Systems
° Air pressure Pattern is main organizing feature
° Circulation in Northern Hemisphere
° Clockwise around Highs (H)
° CCW around Lows (L)
° Clouds & Precip around Lows
° Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind
flow and cloud cover
Plotting Fronts
° Boundary
between
Different Air
Masses
° Types of
Fronts
Weather Maps
Weather Maps
Weather Maps
Weather Maps
Weather Maps
Weather Maps
Weather Maps