Download Technology Development and Transfer in the Context of Climate

Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations in
the Context of the On-going UNFCCC
Negotiations as it Relates to Development
and Transfer of Technologies
WILLIAM KOJO AGYEMANG-BONSU
UNFCCC FOCAL POINT/CDM-DNA
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
GHANA
At the Special Session of the African Partnership
Forum (APF) on Climate Change,
3 September 2009
UNECA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Outline of Presentation
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Background on Development and Transfer of
Technologies under UNFCCC and KP
Development and Transfer of Technologies
(DTT) under the Bali Action Plan
Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations
Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for Technology
Development and Transfer after Copenhagen
Conclusions
Background
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The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
recognize the need for development and
transfer of environmentally sound
technologies to developing countries,
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For the purposes of enabling these countries to
achieve advancement in their development whilst
limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and
adapting to the impacts of climate change.
Background
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The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all
Parties to the Convention to promote and
cooperate in the development, application and
diffusion, including transfer of technologies,
practices and processes that control, reduce or
prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse
gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in
all relevant sectors, including the energy
transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and
waste management sectors.
Background
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Article 4.5 commits the developed country
Parties and other developed Parties in
Annex II to the Convention to “take all
practicable steps to promote, facilitate and
finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or
access to, environmentally sound
technologies and know-how to other
Parties, particularly developing country
Parties to enable them implement the
provisions of the Convention….”
Background
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Article 4.7 states that “the extent to which
developing countries will effectively implement
their commitments under the Convention will
depend on the effective implementation by
developed country Parties of their commitments
under the Convention related to financial
resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of technology
(Article 4.5) and will take fully into account that
economic and social development and poverty
eradication are the first and overriding priorities
of the developing country Parties”.
Background
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The Article 3.14 of the KP on
commitments, acknowledges the need to
minimize the adverse impacts of climate
change on developing countries and notes
among the “issues to be considered shall
be the establishment of funding, insurance
and technology transfer”.
Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that
adaptation technologies would improve
adaptation to climate change.
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Background
Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to
“cooperate in the promotion of effective
modalities for the development, application and
diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to
promote, facilitate and finance practices and
processes pertinent to climate change, in
particular to developing countries including the
formulation of policies and programmes for the
effective transfer of environmentally sound
technologies that are publicly owned or in the
public domain and the creation of enabling
environment for the private sector, to promote
and enhance the transfer of and access to,
environmentally sound technologies.
Background
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Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP
commits developed countries Parties and
other developed Parties in Annex II to the
Convention to “provide financial resources,
including the transfer of technology,
needed by developing countries to meet
the agreed full incremental costs of
advancing the implementation of existing
commitments under Article 4.1 of the
Convention
DTT under the Bali Action Plan (BAP)
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Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly
recognizes again that development and
transfer of technologies to developing
countries as one of the means to support
implementation of actions on mitigation
and adaptation to climate change.
DTT is now one of the four major building
blocks to be discussed and agreed upon in
Copenhagen.
Key issues under the Bali Action Plan on
Development and Transfer of Technologies
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Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for
technology co-operation
Removal of barriers to promoting technology
transfer including:
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Financing
Intellectual property rights
Tariffs and non-tariffs
Capacity building
Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and
transfer of technologies
Co-operation on research and development
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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The creation of an international
framework agreement for technology
development and transfer that
addresses both technologies for climate
change mitigation and adaptation, in
order to boost the effectiveness in
innovation and investment required in
Africa to address climate change.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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This DTT mechanism of framework agreement
should:
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Be informed by the shared vision for long-term
cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for
emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of
the Convention and the urgent need for adaptation to
the impacts of climate change
Include an incentive package to scale up of development
and transfer of technology to Africa in order to promote
access to affordable environmentally sound technologies
through creation of additional value and crediting for
participation in technology development, deployment,
diffusion and transfer for greenhouse emissions
reduction and enhanced resilience to impacts of climate
change
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for
supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating
the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed
actions on technology development and transfer;
Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for
development and transfer of technologies linked to
quantified emissions reduction and limitation
commitments and increased resilience of
communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate
change
Support capacity development in Africa for mitigation
and adaptation technology development, adoption,
deployment, diffusion and transfer including, inter
alia, support for national systems of innovation and
sub-regional and regional centres of excellence
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Ensure improved access to new and additional,
adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and
sustainable public-sector financial resources and
investments to support mitigation and adaptation
technology development and transfer as well as
technology cooperation in research and
development
Promote substantial private-sector participation,
finance and investments in technologies for
mitigation and adaptation
Ensure favourable intellectual property rights
regime that guarantees access to and use of
climate friendly technologies
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Ensure access to technology information,
including in particular the costs and performance
of technologies
Provide for international programme for joint or
collaborative research, demonstration and early
stage deployment of technologies
Provide guidance on national/domestic
government policies needed to, notably creating
a higher level of long-term policy certainty
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(a) over future demands for low greenhouse gas emitting
technologies, upon which the private sector including the
industry’s decision makers can rely, and
(b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Pay specific attention to the technology needs
of (a) major emerging and big economies, (b)
emerging but small developing economies, and
(c) least developed countries, and (d) small
island developing states in Africa
Promote and finance North-South, SouthSouth and triangular cooperation
Support mechanism for early action on sector
specific technology innovation, development,
demonstration, massive deployment and
transfer.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Technology Development and Transfer Aspects
of the Shared Vision
A medium to long-term vision for the entire
technology cycle from innovation through to
application and transfer be guided and driven by
medium to long-term global goal based on:
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Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention
Quantum of technology development, deployment and
diffusion required
Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate change
Level of finance and investment required
Extent of sectoral coverage, and
Level of participation by all technology development and
transfer actors
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
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Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting
In order to promote access to and use of affordable
environmentally sound technologies there is the need to
create additional value and crediting for participation
in technology development, deployment, diffusion and
transfer. International mechanism could be put in place to
assess and include an incentive package to scale up the
development and transfer of technology to developing country
Parties.
The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for
participation in development and transfer climate friendly
technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms
of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations.
Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology
programmes such as supporting international technology
cooperative development networks, national policies/actions,
certify credits for special and priority technology programmes,
and managing long-term regulatory risk.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
New Institutional and Financial
Mechanisms for a DTT
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The new mechanisms to operate under the
authority and guidance of the COP and be
accountable to it. It shall aim to achieve:
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Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and
adaptability of technologies required by developing
countries for enhanced action on mitigation and
adaptation;
Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as
per Article 4.3 of the Convention;
Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology
development and transfer;
Removal of barriers for technology development and
transfer
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
Institutional Mechanism – Executive Body
comprising and be supported by:
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Strategic Planning Committee to: develop strategy;
provide regular guidance; assess and elaborate
technology-related matters; continuously evaluate
progress; and develop updates for the Technology Action
Plan,
Technical Panels to generate and compile current
expert information related to: capacity building; policies
and measures; intellectual property cooperation;
sectoral, cross-sectoral, and cross cutting cooperation;
assessment, monitoring and compliance; and other
necessary topics.
Verification Group to verify the financial and
technological contributions made to the mechanism in
accordance with the overall “measurable, reportable,
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
Multilateral Technology Action Plan
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Overseen by the Executive Body for DTT
The Technology Action Plan should define specific
policies, actions, and funding requirements for Africa
for all relevant technologies under the following
classifications: (a) Public domain technologies, (b)
Patented technologies, (c) Future technologies.
The Action Plan should support the establishment of
national, sub-regional and regional technology centers
of excellence Africa and should reinforce north-south,
south-south in and triangular cooperation, including
joint research and development.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate
Technology Fund (MCTF)
 This fund will provide technology-related financial
requirements as determined by the Executive Body and
will operate under the COP
 The MCTF shall be financed, among others, by assessed
contributions from Annex II Parties. Contributions to the
mechanism shall be additional to other financial
transfers to non-Annex I Parties and shall meet the costs
incurred by such Parties.
 An agreed proportion of contributions by developed
country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II of
the Convention to bilateral and regional co-operation
may be considered as contributions to the MCTF,
provided that such co-operation is consistent with the
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate
Technology Fund (MCTF)
 Financial transfers to the MCTF shall be counted as
measurable, reportable and verifiable commitments
under para 1.b(ii) of the Bali Action Plan. Any funding
not under the authority and guidance of the UNFCCC
shall not be regarded as the fulfillment of commitments
by developed countries under Art. 4.3 of the Convention
or decision 1/CP.13.
 The MCTF shall cover, inter alia, eligible costs of
activities approved by the Executive Body; administrative
costs of the Executive Body, Secretariat, and Trustee or
Trustees; and costs associated with other specific
decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
Africa’s Key Concerns and
Expectations
Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate
Technology Fund (MCTF)
 In the context of the enhanced multilateral
financial mechanism proposed by the Group of
77 & China, the MCTF shall be managed by a
Trustee or Trustees, selected through a process
of open bidding, who shall have fiduciary
responsibility and administrative competence to
manage the MCTF, and shall hold in trust, the
funds, assets, and receipts that constitute the
fund, and shall comply with the principles and
modalities for their management and
disbursement as stipulated by the Conference of
Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for
Technology Development and Transfer after
Copenhagen
1.Action plan for Technology development,
deployment, diffusion and transfer for mitigation and
adaptation in Africa
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Development of Africa-wide legal frameworks
Institutional Arrangements
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For example, formation of Africa Technical Expert Panel on
DTT (TOR to be developed, but should include identification and
development of bankable sector-wide projects across member
states)
Technology Development and Transfer Capacity
development strategy
Development of a marshal plan including
partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector
engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes
Funding mechanisms
Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for
Technology Development and Transfer after
Copenhagen
2. Support mechanism for policy formulation
including international negotiations
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Development of technical papers by experts within
the sub-region, may be by Africa Technical Expert
Panel on DTT
Assist member countries to develop the necessary
“pull” mechanisms or enabling environment
Support harmonization of national and sub-regional
DTT policy frameworks
Support and develop regional positions on DTT
Conclusion
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There is substantial financing gap for the required
scaling up of technologies for both mitigation and
adaptation in Africa which must be met under the
current UNFCCC negotiations
Incentives mechanisms for the private sector must be
appropriately incorporated in the ongoing UNFCCC
technology development and transfer negotiations
with specific focus on Africa to allow for private
sector investment in Africa
Africa has the greatest potential for all of the most
favoured technologies (wind, solar, biofuels, etc.) and
must be supported to develop and use these
technologies
Conclusion
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Existing indigenous adaptation technologies
in Africa need to be supported by
documenting, scaling-up and diffusing them
There must be specific focus for enhanced
support for Africa in developing its capacities
at national, sub-regional and regional levels
for technology research and development for
both mitigation and adaptation
Thank You
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