* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Potential GHG abatement Projects in Upstream Oil & Gas Sector
Survey
Document related concepts
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform wikipedia , lookup
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Climate change issues in Oil & Gas Sector A sectoral discussion on Environmental issues, GHG emissions, GHG abatement opportunities, Role of CDM Contents ► Environmental issues for the Indian Oil & Gas Sector ► GHG Emissions from various industries & sectors ► Climate Change – Enhanced Greenhouse Effect ► Flexibility Mechanisms under The Kyoto Protocol & CDM ► Potential GHG abatement projects, CDM methodologies and UNFCCC registrations ► Carbon transactions ► Way forward - Carbon footprint Page 2 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Environmental issues for the Indian Oil & Gas Sector ► The Oil & Gas Sector has a variety of impacts on the environment. These impacts depends upon the stage of the process, the size and complexity of the project, the nature and sensitivity of the surrounding environment and the effectiveness of planning, pollution prevention, mitigation and control techniques. ► The major areas of environmental concern includes : 1. Atmospheric Impacts 2. Aquatic Impacts 3. Terrestrial Impacts 4. Ecosystem Impacts 5. Potential Emergencies Page 3 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential Environmental Impacts Environmental Impact Atmospheric issues are attracting increasing interest from both industry and government authorities worldwide. The potential impacts mainly arises due to exploration & production, refining operations etc. The primary sources of atmospheric emissions from oil and gas operations arise from: Atmospheric Impacts ►Flaring, venting and purging gases ►Combustion processes in diesel engines and gas turbines ►Fugitive gases from loading operations and tank and losses from process equipments ►Airborne particulates from soil disturbance during construction ►Particulates from other burning sources The main areas of impact are ozone depletion, GHG emissions leading to increased global warming, NOx and SOx emissions, SPM emissions etc. The principal aqueous waste streams resulting from exploration and production operation are: ►Produced water Aquatic Impacts ►Drilling fluids, cuttings and well treatment chemicals ►Process wash and domestic wastes ►Cooling water ►Spills and leakage The major impact of the waste streams arise from the toxicity, high pH and salt content of chemicals used as drilling fluids which may result in pollution of ground and surface waters. Impacts may result particularly where ground and surface waters are utilized for household purposes or fisheries and especially ecologically sensitive areas are affected. Page 4 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential Environmental Impacts Environmental Impact Potential impacts to soil arise from two basic sources: Terrestrial Impacts ►Physical disturbance as a result of construction ►Contamination resulting from spillage and leakage or solid waste disposal The potential impacts arising from the poor design and construction includes soil erosion due to soil structure, changes in surface hydrology and drainage patterns, increased salination and habitat damage, reducing the capacity of the environment to support vegetation and wildlife etc. Potential Emergency Ecosystem Impacts Plant and animal communities may be directly affected by changes in their environment through variations in water, air and soil quality and through disturbance by Page 5 noise. Such changes may directly affect the ecology: for example, habitat, food and nutrient supplies, breeding areas, migration routes etc. The effect is upsetting of the nutrient balances and microbial activity of the soil. The major environmental impact occurs in this case due to ►Spillage of fuels, gases, oil, chemicals and hazardous materials ►Oil or gas well blowout ►Explosions ►Fires ►War & Sabotage ►Natural disaster and their implication on operation e.g. flood, earthquake, cyclone. The major impact of these emergency events include large GHG emissions, ozone depletion, changes in soil structure and character, habitat and vegetative damage. Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Initiatives towards reducing atmospheric impacts ► ► ► ► Among all the different environmental impacts, the major focus lies on Atmospheric Impact caused by Oil & Gas Industry. One of the major sources of Atmospheric Impact caused by Oil and Gas Industry is the flaring and venting of gases. So the principle target for emission reduction is in this domain. Various technological initiative have been introduced to reduce emissions as a result of combustion process related to power production. More efficient gas turbines have been developed together with improved turbine maintenance regimes. Efficiency improvements may also result from gas turbine optimization considerations. Other technologies to improve fuel efficiency include: steam injection, combined cycle power generation, pump and compressor optimization, waste heat recovery and the application of energy conservation principles. Improvements in the technologies have resulted in reduced emission from the different sources. The reduction of GHG emissions directly leads to reduction of global warming. These process improvement/energy efficiency measures causing emission reduction can be directly accounted for and thus can be considered as CDM projects. Page 6 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector GHG Emissions from various industries & sectors GHG emissions associated with industry (including energy utilization) represent about 21% of world GHG emissions. GHG Emissions from various industries Petroleum, Petrochemic als & Chemicals 23% Others 44% Cement 18% Iron & Steel 15% GHG Emissions associated with Industry CO2 and non CO2 Emissions from industrial processes 16% Indirect CO2 Emissions from electricity & heat consumption 35% The Oil & Gas and Chemical industries are among the major emitters of GHGs. Source: CAIT, IEA, 2004a, Hendriks Page 7 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Direct Fossil Fuel Consumption 49% Climate Change – Enhanced Greenhouse Effect ► Human activities like deforestation or heavy fossil fuel use are increasing the concentration of Greenhouse Gases (‘GHGs’) in the atmosphere. ► GHGs trap heat energy in the Earth's lower atmosphere, like a thick blanket round the planet. ► This enhances the green house effect, resulting in commonly known “Climate Change” or “Global Warming” ► Climate Change leads to: ► ► ► ► ► Page 8 Rise in average global temperature (expected to go up by 1-4 Celsius in next 100 years) Changes in vegetation Increased storm surges Sea level rise (parts of Maldives & Bangladesh might submerge in next 50 yrs) Risks which will affect the profitability of the Oil & Gas industries Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Glimpse of Climate change Risks Physical Risks ►Global warming poses threat of sea level rise, hurricanes/ other natural calamities for especially those situated in the coastal regions. ►Coastal E&P facilities, Refineries can face huge damage due to cyclones and hurricanes Business Risks Climate Change Risks for Oil & Gas Sector ►Extreme weather conditions resulting in increased energy cost, higher contingency requirement resulting in erosion of profit margins Competitiveness Risks ►Effect on Gross Refining Margin. As energy costs increase, Oil industries using conventional and carbon intensive energy sources will see a reduction in the GRM. Regulatory risks ►‘Carbon ’tax’ implementation on states by Central government can affect profitability of the Oil & Gas sector Page 9 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Kyoto Protocol and CDM Legally binding emission reduction targets for GHGs only for Annex-1 (i.e., developed ) countries Aim of reducing overall GHG emissions by at least 5.2% below 1990 levels in 2008-2012 commitment period Kyoto protocol - Establishes three mechanisms to supplement national actions to achieve real, long term, measurable and cost effective GHG reductions: Clean Development Mechanism (‘CDM’) International Emission Trading (‘IET’) Joint Implementation (‘JI’) Developed Country Govt/ Pvt. Sector Sale proceeds Carbon Credits Developing Country GHG Abatement Project Carbon credits are measured in terms of Certified Emission Reduction (‘CER’) One CER equals 1 MT CO2 equivalent Page 10 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector CDM Process : Availing Carbon Credits 1 Project Implementation Project Identification Project Construction Project operation 2 Kyoto Approvals 3 CDM PROJECT PROMOTER CDM Documentation* Validation by DOE Endorsement by DNA Registration with UNFCCC CER Transaction CER ERPA BUYER OF CER Generation of Carbon credits Verification/ Certification by DOE UNFCCC / EB Issues CERs Page 11 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector *PIN: Project Identification Note *PDD: Project Design Document ERPA: Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement DOE: Designated Operational Entity DNA: Designated National Authority Potential GHG abatement Projects in Upstream Oil & Gas Sector Page 12 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential GHG abatement projects in Upstream Oil & Gas Sector 1. Installation of Gas Recovery Facilities to prevent emission of methane/CO2 to the atmosphere ► Installation of compressors to recover low pressure (LP) gas and compress the same for further distribution ► Installation of ejector systems which uses the motive force to suck LP gases which were previously flared ► Installation of separators to separate gas at various pressures and recover very low pressure gas that was previously flared ► Up-gradation of process gas compressors (PGC) ► Optimal utilization of gas for internal consumption in gas lift wells/ gas re-injection ► Laying pipelines from gas rich areas to areas where there is scarcity of gas but greater demand (by identifying potential consumers). 2. Common Grid of Power at Offshore ► A common grid of power is setup by achieving interconnectivity across various process and well platforms. ► This interconnectivity can be achieved by laying submarine cables and transferring surplus power (NG based) to the shore for sale. ► The project replaces more carbon intensive power source (DG based) to relatively cleaner (NG based) power. Page 13 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential GHG abatement projects in Upstream Oil & Gas Sector...(contd) 3. Recovering Vapors from Storage Tanks ► Recovery and utilization of vapors, previously being vented out from oil storage tanks, using ejector system. 4. Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) ► Capture of CO2 from large stationary sources, transportation of the gas to an appropriate injection site where it is pumped and stored into underground geological formations such as natural gas and oil fields. ► Storage may also be combined with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) ► This also results in energy consumption reduction of oil and gas recovery from the wells. Page 14 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Other Potential GHG abatement projects in Upstream Oil & Gas Sector ► Facilities for reduction of gas flaring through ejectors/compressors/separators/pipeline etc. ► Waste heat recovery at oil production facilities. ► Energy efficiency improvement in gas processing plant ► Power factor improvement at oil installations ► Reduction in gas pipe leaks ► Fuel switch from fossil fuels to other cleaner fuels like natural gas ► Captive power generation by utilizing natural gas ► Oil tank head vapor recovery system Page 15 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential GHG abatement projects in Downstream Oil & Gas Sector Page 16 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential GHG abatement projects in Downstream Oil & Gas Sector 1. Energy efficiency Improvement measures in the existing system ► Steam generation and distribution system up-gradation -Enhanced heat utilization through installation of centralized flash steam recovery system to recover steam condensate -Flash steam utilization in vapour absorption chiller to produce refrigeration effect -Better steam trap management to reduce heat loss -Improvement in the cogeneration/ self generation efficiency ► Steam optimization by installation of Dry-ejector system instead of steam-jet ejector in VDU In Dry-ejector system vacuum gas oil is used as motive liquid and circulated in the system. This reduces generation of LP steam which is required as motive fluid in conventional steam-jet ejector. An unique technology. Page 17 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Potential GHG abatenment projects in Downstream Oil & Gas Sector & Petrochemical Units 1. Energy efficiency Improvement in the existing system…contd ► Installation of ‘mist cooling tower’ instead of conventional cooling tower A much lower cooling water temperature can be achieved through ‘mist cooling tower’. This improves heat recovery and reduces cooling water requirement hence lower pumping energy etc. Not a common practice in large-scale hydrocarbon industries. ► Heat integration through the application of state-of-the-art pinch technology Energy efficiency improvement through optimization of heat exchanger network in CDU/VDU/pre-heat train of distillation units etc. Optimization of HEN is performed using Pinch Analysis. ► New generation refractory Replacement of conventional refractory with ceramic fibre insulation to reduce heat loss in furnace Page 18 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Few more potential areas in refinery units where CDM may be applicable 2. Flare recovery system ► utilization to cater to heat demand of refinery ► utilization in boilers/ Gas Turbine 3. Fuel switch projects ► Fuel switching in furnace, heater etc ► Fuel switch in the thermal energy generation system/ cogeneration/ self generation equipments ► Optimization in H2 recovery from off gases from CRU, VGO hydro-treater etc 4. Application of Advanced Processes ► Use of new generation catalysts which reduces coke deposition on the catalyst ► Application of energy-efficient Solvent De-asphalting technology instead of energy-intensive Cracking/Coking technology Page 19 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Few more potential areas in refinery units where CDM may be applicable.... (contd) ► Novel bio-catalytic processes with very low energy consumption ► Application of membrane separation technology instead of conventional separation techniques ► H2 generation in the refinery through natural gas reforming instead of naphtha reforming ► Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology for production of petroleum fuel/Lube oil/Wax from Natural Gas ► Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC) based power generation from vacuum residue/ petroleum coke – higher power generation efficiency with generation of H2 as by product ► Steam-injection in Gas Turbine 5. Alternative Fuels/ Energy ► Bio-diesel ► Efficient generation of H2 and utilization ► Renewable energy – wind power/ hydro power/ solar power etc. 6. Transportation project ► Changes in the mode of transportation of petroleum products e.g. from road to rail/ pipeline ► Energy efficiency improvement in the intermediate pumping stations of crude/ product pipelines Page 20 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector CDM methodologies available for the Oil & Gas Sector AM0009 AM0018 AM0037 AM0055 AM0077 AMS-III.P Page 21 ► Recovery and utilization of gas from oil wells that would otherwise be flared or vented ► Steam optimization systems ► Flare (or vent) reduction and utilization of gas from oil wells as a feedstock ► Baseline and Monitoring Methodology for the recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery facilities ► Recovery of gas from oil wells that would otherwise be vented or flared and its delivery to specific end-users ► Recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery facilities Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Registered CDM projects in the Oil & Gas Sector from India Essar Oil Limited ► GHG emission reduction through the installation of energy efficient vacuum creating system in the vacuum distillation column of petroleum refinery Methodology used: AM0018 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Limited ► Flare gas recovery project at Uran plant, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Limited Methodology used: AM0037 Flare gas recovery project at Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC), Hazira plant, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Limited Methodology used: AM0037 Up-gradation of Gas Turbine 1 (GT 1) and Gas Turbine 2 (GT 2) at cogeneration plant of Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC) of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) Methodology used: AMS.II-D Waste heat recovery from Process Gas Compressors (PGCs), Mumbai high south (offshore platform) and using the recovered heat to heat process heating oil Methodology used: AMS-II.D ► ► ► ► Numaligarh Refinery Limited Page 22 ► NRL -Captive power generation by recovery and utilization of the waste energy (thermal and pressure) of HP steam Methodology used: ACM0004 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Registered CDM projects in the Oil & Gas Sector from India Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ► Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)’s Wind Power Project, India Methodology used: AMS.I-D Indian Oil Corporation Limited ► GHG emission reductions through pre-heat train optimization in the CDU and VDU of Digboi Refinery,, Indian Oil Corporation Limited (Assam Oil Division) Methodology used: AMS-II.D Flare Gas Recovery and Utilization of Recovered Flare Gas for process heating requirements at IOCL, Haldia Refinery Methodology used: AMS-III.P Flare Gas Recovery system (FGRS) at Barauni Refinery of Indian Oil Corporation Limited Methodology used: AMS.III-P ► ► Oil India Limited Page 23 ► Oil India Limited (OIL) – Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction through Recovery and Utilization of Flare Gas Methodology used: AM0009 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Carbon transactions Carbon transactions carbon transactions are purchase contracts whereby one party pays another party in exchange for a given quantity of GHG emission reductions, either in the form of allowances or “credits” that the buyer can use to meet its compliance objectives vis-à-vis greenhouse gas mitigation. Payment for emission reductions can be made using one or more of the following forms: cash, equity, debt, or in-kind contributions such as providing technologies to abate GHG emissions. Carbon Transactions Allowance based Transactions (EUA) Page 25 Project based Transactions (CER,ERU) Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Carbon transaction options… Forward transaction Ensures guaranteed carbon revenue Advance possible, but modalities still uncertain Could be fixed price or market-linked Possible to put ‘floor’ and ‘ceiling’ ‘Guaranteed’ quantity or ‘best effort’ basis Spot transaction Transaction on issuance of CERs Till today, has resulted in better rate Has been more popular in India so far Combination of ‘Forward’ and ‘Spot’ Usually when large quantum of CERs available (say >100,000 p.a.) Page 26 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Carbon Finance Opportunities… Project finance Investors from Europe, Japan interested in financing CDM, especially RE projects Right on CERs (full / partial) imperative Transaction cost finance Buyers ready to pick up full/part of transaction cost CER price usually discounted Page 27 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector VER market…. Voluntary market ► Essentially a non-compliance market ► Driven by social responsibility ► Market is emerging… not stable yet ► Transacted comodity: VER = Verified Emission Reduction ► From registered projects outside crediting period ► From non-registered projects ► Prices lower compared to CERs ► Opportunities are yet to be assessed Page 28 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector CDM – Value Accretion Curve VALUE Approximately 10 months, variable depending on type of project T 100% Key step P 0% 1. PIN Issued PIN = Project Idea Note Page 29 2. PDD Prepared. 3. Host Country Approval PDD = Project Design Document 4. PDD Validation finalised 5. Registration with UNFCCC 6. Construction UNFCCC = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector 7 Issua CE CDM Transaction Cost Documentation cost Expenses incurred in documentation, Consultant’s fee Validation cost Fee payable to DOE for validation Registration fee to UNFCCC For 15k CER/y : Nil For > 15k CER/y : @ 0.1 USD for first 15k CERs @ 0.2 USD for balance CERs CER verification charges Fee payable to DOE for verification (every time) Share of Proceeds (SoP) Charged by UNFCCC every time during issuance of CERs, calculated same way as Regn Fee. Regn fee paid, if any is adjusted Adaptation Fund 2% CERs deducted by UNFCCC at issuance Page 30 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Summary ► Climate change and global warming: major threat to the Oil & Gas industries. ► The Oil & Gas sector will be a significant part of an evolving solution to the CO2 challenge and certainly drive the ushering of a cleaner hydro carbon age in future. ► Companies have already started pursuing strategies to position themselves in the cleaner, more sustainable and low carbon growth trajectory by conscious reorganization of their product portfolio and restructuring of their multi-location operations. ► Big Oil Companies like British Petroleum is planning to invest USD 8 billion in low carbon power and alternative energy business over the next decade and aims at USD 1 billion of operating profit by 2015 from this business only. ► Adoption of the right strategy for mitigating long term climate change risks can provide distinct competitive advantage. ► Companies seeking to develop their strategies should first analyze their ‘value-at-stake’ or ‘value-at-risk’ under a variety of scenarios from current and emerging policies to reduce carbon emissions. Page 31 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Carbon footprint - key starting step Carbon footprint has the power to influence all decisions on climate change strategy Establishing carbon footprint Map carbon footprint Determine boundary Develop carbon inventory Capacity building emission s Enablers Identify key sources of GHG emissions Page 32 Identify and decide Organizational and Operational Boundary Select the GHG emission calculation approach Developing customized modules and inventory manuals Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Determin e carbon Provide Training on the implementation of inventory manuals Demonstrating the use of customized modules Collecting activity data and emission data Applying customized calculation tools for estimating GHG emissions WBCSD & WRI Protocol…. The framework for GHG Accounting GHG ACCOUNTING & REPORTING PRINCIPLES ACCURACY RELEVANCE TRANSPARENCY Page 33 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector COMPLETNESS CONSISTENCY Determining Organizational Boundary Approach Company selects an approach for consolidating GHG emissions and then consistently applies the selected approach to define those businesses and operations that constitute the company for the purpose of accounting and reporting GHG emissions. Control approach Equity share approach • A company accounts for GHG emissions from operations according to its share of equity in the operation. Page 34 • A company accounts for 100% of the GHG emissions from operations over which it has control. • Does not account for GHG emissions from operations in which it owns an interest but has no control (Financial or Operational). Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Determining Operational Boundary Page 35 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Identifying and calculating GHG emissions Page 36 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Key Performance Indicators ► PRODUCTIVITY/EFFICIENCY RATIOS: -Express the value or achievement of a business divided by its GHG impact. -Increasing efficiency ratios reflect a positive performance improvement. -Examples of productivity/efficiency ratios include resource productivity (e.g., sales per GHG) and process eco-efficiency (e.g., production volume per amount of GHG). ► INTENSITY RATIOS (normalized” environmental impact data): -Express GHG impact per unit of physical activity or unit of economic output. -A physical intensity ratio is suitable when aggregating or comparing across businesses that have similar products. An economic intensity ratio is suitable when aggregating or comparing across businesses that produce different products. A declining intensity ratio reflects a positive performance improvement. -Many companies historically tracked environmental performance with intensity ratios. -Examples of intensity ratios include product emission intensity (e.g., tonnes of CO2 emissions per electricity generated); service intensity (e.g., GHG emissions per function or per service); and sales intensity (e.g., emissions per sales). ► PERCENTAGES (Percentage Indicator): -Ratio between two similar issues (with the same physical unit in the numerator and the denominator). -Examples of percentages are current GHG emissions expressed as % of base year GHG emissions. Page 37 Climate Change issues in Oil & Gas Sector Thank you Indra Guha Senior Manager Climate Change and Sustainability Services [email protected] Mobile: 9871430769