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Economic Commission for Africa Technology Needs Assessment in Support of Climate Change Action Climate Change Meets Policy ACPC African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Outline • • • • Broad climate context Technological challenge of climate change Technology as part of climate policy making Key principles and objectives of a technology needs assessment • Key steps to conduct a technology needs assessment Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Broad Programme Context The ACPC has three broad areas of activity: 1. Knowledge generation, sharing and networking 2. Advocacy and consensus building 3. Advisory services and capacity mobilisation Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Broad Programme Context Guided by “Development First” principle – Providing insights on development and climate change nexus, action oriented research, policy and practice • Programme Targets – Transformative development of Africa – Climate resilient socio-economy and ecosystems – Low carbon pathways Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Updated Reasons for Concern EU 2°C-Guardrail (Smith et al. 2009 PNAS) Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) ...costs attributed to CC will rise over time Source: Preliminary runs of FUND for the UNEP AdaptCost and EC ClimateCost projects Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) ..and the region needs energy to keep growing.. 560 million sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Africa is has a huge hydro-power potential.. Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Per capita GHG emissions (concentrations) Holistic approach and concerted and differentiated actions are required 550 PPMV Least Developed Countries Emerging Economies & EITs More adaptation growing mitigation Adaptation & mitigation Developed Countries More mitigation less adaptation Corridor of sustainable development & stabilization of GHGs 450 PPMV Training Institutional support Information support R&D support $1200 Collaborative R&D Technology Partnership & Networking Technology facilitation and Partnerships $7000 Annual per capita Income Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technological challenge of climate change • To reach the goal of 2oC limit, energy-related CO2 emissions need to peak globally by 2020 and then decline sharply in 203 • But based on government policies and measures enacted or adopted by mid-2009 - in 2030 world primary energy demand will be 40% higher than in 2007. • 90% of this increase is expected to take place in non-OECD countries • In addition, 77% of the worldwide energy demand increase will be based on using fossil fuels. At the same time, 1.3 billion people will still lack access to electricity in 2030 • Within this context successful and reliable accelerated development and transfer of environmentally sound mitigation technologies are crucial and central Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technological challenge of climate change • Estimated that the additional financing needs will be in range of $262–670 billion per year, which is around three to four times greater than the current global investment levels in energy technologies (EGTT, 2009a). • Of this amount, USD 100 - 400 billion annually is needed in developing countries – Africa - $13-26b/yr • Mitigating GHG emissions is only one aspect of climate policy • Equally important will be the need to reduce countries’ vulnerability to climate change impacts – Africa - $11-21b/year Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) The global context of Technology Transfer • Technology transfer is considered to be a key element in combating climate change under the UNFCCC. • TT - Necessary for realization of global cooperation • Important element in all multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) • TT includes several phases of technology development, deployment, dissemination, adoption and “domestication” • TT is one of the pillars of the Bali Action Plan endorsed by UNFCCC COP in 2007 and is now one of the negotiations tracks for post Kyoto 24/05/2017 13 Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technology as part of climate policy making “The developed countries and other developed countries in Annex II shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to environmentally sound technologies and know how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention.”… Article 4.5 “The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments related to financial resources and transfer of technology…” Article 4.7 Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technology as part of climate policy making The Parties reached a consensus at COP7: • To adopt the framework for meaningful and effective actions to enhance the implementation of Art. 4.5 of the Convention. • To establish an Expert Group on Technology Transfer. • To provide financial support to TT activities through GEF climate change focal area and the special climate change fund. Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Technology Transfer Framework • Five key themes and areas are: – – – – – Technology needs and needs assessments Technology information Enabling environments Capacity Building Mechanisms for technology transfer Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Key principles & objectives of TNA • To identify and prioritize, through country-driven participatory processes, technologies that can contribute to mitigation and adaptation goals of the participant countries, while meeting their national sustainable development goals and priorities (TNA). • To identify barriers hindering the acquisition, deployment, and diffusion of prioritized technologies. • To develop Technology Action Plans (TAP) specifying prioritized technologies, activities and enabling frameworks to overcome the barriers and facilitate the transfer, adoption, and diffusion of selected technologies in the participant countries Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Input from NC, NAPAs, national development plans Mitigation Adaptation Activity 1: Prepare a preliminary overview of the sectors Review GHG inventory for mitigation potential Review national plans in identified sectors Identify key sectors and characteristics Review available vulnerability studies Identify vulnerable sectors Review national plans in vulnerable sectors Activity 2: Identify technology criteria for assessment Prepare list of sectors with mitigation potential Develop criteria to apply to vulnerable sectors Activity 3: Prioritize sectors and select key technology(ies) Compile a list of prioritized mitigation technologies and key sectors Prioritize vulnerable sectors Identify characteristics of prioritized sectors Compile responses to address vulnerability Activity 4: Identify barriers and policy needs* Conduct environmental technology impact assessment Assess capacity to use mitigation technologies Conduct environmental technology impact assessment Assess capacity to use adaptation technologies Activity 5: Define and select options Rank and select prioritized mitigation technologies and key sectors Output to NC, NAPAs national development plans Identify practical options for priority sectors Identify responses and technologies Rank and prioritize applicable technologies Activity 6: Prepare a synthesis report Summary report in NC Full report (including a description of the stakeholder process adopted, an evaluation of sectoral needs and opportunities…, a statement of data gaps, project concepts/proposals, potential sources of funding) Communicate TNA findings Implementation actions Assess adequacy of financial resources Ensure transparency Identify potential synergies Identify ways to reduce barriers Continue stakeholder involvement Revise plans as needed Cross-cutting issues (Stakeholder engagement and barrier analysis) Review technology options and resources TNAs | A simplified view Forming institution arrangements Identify relevant stakeholders; consult key agencies Convene meeting to explore objectives and scope Establish the team ~ lead agency ~ lead technical institution ~ other players Define process for ongoing involvement of all stakeholders Needs assessments process Preparing & implementing technology transfer actions & plans Establish criteria for selecting technology transfer priorities Define priority sectors and sub-sectors Securing resources Development of implementation strategies Compile and supplement technology and market information Select priority technologies Integration with existing development programs Preparation of technology transfer plans Further technology & barrier assessment & stakeholder consultations Define alternative actions Implementation of technology transfer actions Ongoing review and refinement of actions Select actions Prepare needs assessment report Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) TNAs - how priorities were selected? How they relate to national development objectives? Minimum impact on the environment Pollution reduction Recovery of water resources Potential for reuse and recycle Total 3 9 13.0 39.1 13 56.5 2 8.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 6 1 7 2 9 13 6 1 3 8 3 7 5 6 7 5 4 4 2 6 6 5 Per cent Social acceptance 1 1 16 1 3 4.3 4.3 69.6 4.3 13.0 Environmental protection Possibilities for replication 21 91.3 Life time of the inv. GHG reduction potential 1 1 1 16 4.3 4.3 4.3 69.6 Investment costs Maintenance costs Socio-economic importance 0 0.0 Market Potential for adaptation Capacity-building 1 4.3 Preserve sinks Food security 14 60.9 Gender equality Improvement in health and quality of life 2 14 8.7 60.9 Environmental sustainability Rational utilization of resources 8 34.8 Climate change Utilization of local resources Albania Azerbaijan Bolivia Burundi Chile China Congo DR Dominican Republic Ecuador Georgia Ghana Haiti Indonesia Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Moldova Niue Paraguay Tajikistan Viet Nam Zimbabwe Total % Wealth creation Country Employment generation Development benefits 54.5 27.3 4.5 31.8 9.1 40.9 59.1 27.3 4.5 15.8 42.1 15.8 36.8 26.3 31.6 36.8 26.3 21.1 21.1 10.5 31.6 31.6 26.3 Key Sectors Covered by TNA Reports 24/05/2017 Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA 21 Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Share of Mitigation Options by Sector Waste Land-use and forestry 9% 6% Energy 23% Agriculture 14% Industry 15% Residential & Commercial 17% 24/05/2017 Transport 16% Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA 22 Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) 0 Wind water pumping Solar water pumps Refrigerators Solar home system Europe Unspecified appliances & techniques Asia Air conditioning Africa Heaters Solar cookers Solar driers Stoves/ovens Solar water heaters Lights # of technologies identified Commonly identified energy efficient technology needs 16 14 Latin am erica 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Unspecified hybrids MSW (generation and treatment of MSW) Unspecified RET Europe Geothermal Asia Solar thermal Africa Hydro Wind (installations and/or assessments) Mini- and/or microhydro Biomass Solar PV (grid, offgrid) # of technologies identified Commonly identified RET needs? 18 16 Latin am erica 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Share of Adaptation Options by Sectors Systematic observation 8% Waste 5% Land-use and forestry 13% Energy 10% Coastal area 11% Water resources 10% Agriculture 28% 24/05/2017 Health 15% Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA 25 Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Main barriers to TT identified by country? Main measures to address barriers to TT 30 20 10 Others Human 0 Infrastructure 5 56 8 89 0 0 4 44 6 67 6 67 4 44 9 100 5 56 6 67 2 22 0 0 7 78 8 89 7 78 40 Technical 56 56 78 67 11 89 78 0 Institutional Total 16 16 16 18 13 11 13 6 7 Percent 70 70 70 78 57 48 57 26 30 5 5 7 6 1 8 7 0 Economic / market 50 Information / awareness 60 Policy 70 Regulatory Albania Azerbaijan Bolivia Burundi Chile China Congo DR Dominican Republic Ecuador Georgia Ghana Haiti Indonesia Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Moldova Niue Paraguay Tajikistan Viet Nam Zimbabwe 80 Per cent of Parties[%] Country Figure 13. Common measures identified to address barriers 90 Per cent Economic / market Information / awareness Policy Regulatory Institutional Human Technical Infrastructure Others Total Table 10. Type of measures identified by country Main capacity-building needs? 10 16 8 3 3 43 70 35 13 13 0 67 44 33 11 0 33 2 4 0 8 2 2 6 3 7 3 0 1 1 8 8 5 22 44 0 89 22 22 67 33 78 33 0 11 11 89 89 56 40 30 20 10 0 Others 0 6 4 3 1 0 3 Infrastructu re Regulatory Total 7 14 9 7 Percent 30 61 39 30 Economic / market Technical Policy / programme 50 Institutional / org aniztional 60 Information / awareness Albania Azerbaijan Bolivia Burundi Chile China Congo DR Dominican Republic Ecuador Georgia Ghana Haiti Indonesia Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Moldova Niue Paraguay Tajikistan Viet Nam Zimbabwe 70 Human Country Figure 14. Common capacity-building needs Per cent of Parties [%] Economic / market Information / awareness Policy / programme Regulatory Institutional / organizational Human Technical Infrastructure Others Total Per cent Table 11. Type of capacity-building needs identified by country TNAs summary • The TNA is an effective tool for decision makers and international institutions that may be involved in the facilitation of the technology transfer process. The TNA process not only helps identify specific technology needs, but also points out the direction in which future policies and regulations will need to progress • The main beneficiary of the TNAs are the Parties that carried them out, as these reports provide a good basis for follow-up activities to further enhance the transfer of climate friendly technologies. Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) Financing mechanisms • New Bilateral (ODA, seed financing, PPP) • Multilateral climate related funding initiatives (UNEP, UNDP, World Bank Carbon Finance, EU COMMISSION ) • GEF (adaptation and mitigation) • CDM/JI (mitigation and adaptation) • Private sector (commercial bank, microfinancing) Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet) United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Thank you [email protected] Climate Change Meets Policy Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)