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Economic Commission
for Africa
Technology Needs Assessment in Support of
Climate Change Action
Climate
Change
Meets
Policy
ACPC
African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Outline
•
•
•
•
Broad climate context
Technological challenge of climate change
Technology as part of climate policy making
Key principles and objectives of a technology
needs assessment
• Key steps to conduct a technology needs
assessment
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Broad Programme Context
The ACPC has three broad areas of activity:
1. Knowledge generation, sharing and
networking
2. Advocacy and consensus building
3. Advisory services and capacity
mobilisation
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Broad Programme Context
Guided by “Development First” principle
– Providing insights on development and climate
change nexus, action oriented research, policy
and practice
• Programme Targets
– Transformative development of Africa
– Climate resilient socio-economy and ecosystems
– Low carbon pathways
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Updated Reasons for Concern
EU 2°C-Guardrail
(Smith et al. 2009 PNAS)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
...costs attributed to CC will rise over time
Source: Preliminary runs of FUND for the UNEP AdaptCost and EC ClimateCost projects
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
..and the region needs energy to keep growing..
560 million sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Africa is has a huge hydro-power potential..
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Per capita GHG emissions (concentrations)
Holistic approach and concerted and
differentiated actions are required
550 PPMV
Least Developed
Countries
Emerging
Economies
& EITs
More adaptation
growing mitigation
Adaptation &
mitigation
Developed Countries
More mitigation
less adaptation
Corridor of sustainable
development &
stabilization of GHGs
450 PPMV
Training
Institutional support
Information support
R&D support
$1200
Collaborative
R&D
Technology
Partnership &
Networking
Technology facilitation
and
Partnerships
$7000
Annual
per capita Income
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technological challenge of climate change
• To reach the goal of 2oC limit, energy-related CO2 emissions need to
peak globally by 2020 and then decline sharply in 203
• But based on government policies and measures enacted or adopted
by mid-2009 - in 2030 world primary energy demand will be 40%
higher than in 2007.
• 90% of this increase is expected to take place in non-OECD
countries
• In addition, 77% of the worldwide energy demand increase will be
based on using fossil fuels. At the same time, 1.3 billion people will
still lack access to electricity in 2030
• Within this context successful and reliable accelerated development
and transfer of environmentally sound mitigation technologies are
crucial and central
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technological challenge of climate change
• Estimated that the additional financing needs will be in range
of $262–670 billion per year, which is around three to four
times greater than the current global investment levels in
energy technologies (EGTT, 2009a).
• Of this amount, USD 100 - 400 billion annually is needed in
developing countries
– Africa - $13-26b/yr
• Mitigating GHG emissions is only one aspect of climate policy
• Equally important will be the need to reduce countries’
vulnerability to climate change impacts
– Africa - $11-21b/year
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
The global context of Technology
Transfer
• Technology transfer is considered to be a key element in
combating climate change under the UNFCCC.
• TT - Necessary for realization of global cooperation
• Important element in all multi-lateral environmental
agreements (MEAs)
• TT includes several phases of technology development,
deployment, dissemination, adoption and “domestication”
• TT is one of the pillars of the Bali Action Plan endorsed by
UNFCCC COP in 2007 and is now one of the negotiations
tracks for post Kyoto
24/05/2017
13
Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology as part of climate policy making
“The developed countries and other developed countries in
Annex II shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate
and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to
environmentally sound technologies and know how to other
Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable
them to implement the provisions of the Convention.”…
Article 4.5
“The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively
implement their commitments under the Convention will
depend on the effective implementation by developed
country Parties of their commitments related to financial
resources and transfer of technology…”
Article 4.7
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology as part of climate policy making
The Parties reached a consensus at COP7:
• To adopt the framework for meaningful and
effective actions to enhance the implementation of
Art. 4.5 of the Convention.
• To establish an Expert Group on Technology
Transfer.
• To provide financial support to TT activities
through GEF climate change focal area and the
special climate change fund.
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology Transfer Framework
• Five key themes and areas are:
–
–
–
–
–
Technology needs and needs assessments
Technology information
Enabling environments
Capacity Building
Mechanisms for technology transfer
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Key principles & objectives of TNA
• To identify and prioritize, through country-driven
participatory processes, technologies that can contribute to
mitigation and adaptation goals of the participant countries,
while meeting their national sustainable development goals
and priorities (TNA).
• To identify barriers hindering the acquisition, deployment,
and diffusion of prioritized technologies.
• To develop Technology Action Plans (TAP) specifying
prioritized technologies, activities and enabling frameworks
to overcome the barriers and facilitate the transfer,
adoption, and diffusion of selected technologies in the
participant countries
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Input from NC,
NAPAs,
national
development
plans
Mitigation
Adaptation
Activity 1: Prepare a preliminary overview of the sectors
Review GHG
inventory for
mitigation potential
Review national
plans in identified
sectors
Identify key sectors
and characteristics
Review available
vulnerability studies
Identify vulnerable
sectors
Review national
plans in vulnerable
sectors
Activity 2: Identify technology criteria for assessment
Prepare list of
sectors with
mitigation potential
Develop criteria to
apply to vulnerable
sectors
Activity 3: Prioritize sectors and select key technology(ies)
Compile a list of prioritized
mitigation technologies and
key sectors
Prioritize vulnerable
sectors
Identify
characteristics of
prioritized sectors
Compile responses
to address
vulnerability
Activity 4: Identify barriers and policy needs*
Conduct environmental technology
impact assessment
Assess capacity to
use mitigation
technologies
Conduct environmental technology
impact assessment
Assess capacity to
use adaptation
technologies
Activity 5: Define and select options
Rank and select prioritized
mitigation technologies and
key sectors
Output to NC,
NAPAs national
development
plans
Identify practical
options for priority
sectors
Identify responses
and technologies
Rank and prioritize
applicable
technologies
Activity 6: Prepare a synthesis report
Summary report in NC
Full report (including a description of the stakeholder process adopted, an evaluation of sectoral needs
and opportunities…, a statement of data gaps, project concepts/proposals, potential sources of funding)
Communicate TNA findings
Implementation actions
Assess adequacy of
financial resources
Ensure transparency
Identify potential
synergies
Identify ways to
reduce barriers
Continue stakeholder
involvement
Revise plans as
needed
Cross-cutting issues
(Stakeholder engagement and barrier analysis)
Review technology
options and
resources
TNAs | A simplified view
Forming institution
arrangements
 Identify relevant
stakeholders;
consult key agencies
 Convene meeting to
explore objectives and
scope
 Establish the team
~ lead agency
~ lead technical
institution
~ other players
 Define process for
ongoing involvement of
all stakeholders
Needs assessments process
Preparing & implementing technology
transfer actions & plans
 Establish criteria for
selecting technology
transfer priorities
 Define priority
sectors and sub-sectors
 Securing resources
 Development of
implementation
strategies
 Compile and
supplement technology
and market information
 Select priority
technologies
 Integration with
existing development
programs
 Preparation of
technology transfer
plans
 Further technology &
barrier assessment &
stakeholder
consultations
 Define alternative
actions
 Implementation of
technology transfer
actions
 Ongoing review and
refinement of actions
 Select actions
 Prepare needs
assessment report
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
TNAs - how priorities were selected? How they relate
to national development objectives?
Minimum impact on the environment
Pollution reduction
Recovery of water resources
Potential for reuse and recycle
Total























3 9
13.0 39.1























13
56.5























2
8.7























0
0.0























0
0.0























12
6
1
7
2
9
13
6
1
3
8
3
7
5
6
7
5
4
4
2
6
6
5
Per cent
Social acceptance
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
1 1 16 1 3
4.3 4.3 69.6 4.3 13.0
Environmental
protection
Possibilities for replication























21
91.3
Life time of the inv.
GHG reduction potential
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
1 1 1 16
4.3 4.3 4.3 69.6
Investment costs
Maintenance costs
Socio-economic importance























0
0.0
Market
Potential for adaptation
Capacity-building























1
4.3
Preserve sinks
Food security























14
60.9
Gender equality
Improvement in health and quality of life
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 14
8.7 60.9
Environmental sustainability
Rational utilization of resources























8
34.8
Climate
change
Utilization of local resources
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
Total
%
Wealth creation
Country
Employment generation
Development benefits
54.5
27.3
4.5
31.8
9.1
40.9
59.1
27.3
4.5
15.8
42.1
15.8
36.8
26.3
31.6
36.8
26.3
21.1
21.1
10.5
31.6
31.6
26.3
Key Sectors Covered by TNA
Reports
24/05/2017
Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
21
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Share of Mitigation Options by
Sector
Waste
Land-use and forestry 9%
6%
Energy
23%
Agriculture
14%
Industry
15%
Residential &
Commercial
17%
24/05/2017
Transport
16%
Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
22
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
0
Wind water pumping
Solar water pumps
Refrigerators
Solar home system
Europe
Unspecified appliances & techniques
Asia
Air conditioning
Africa
Heaters
Solar cookers
Solar driers
Stoves/ovens
Solar water heaters
Lights
# of technologies identified
Commonly identified energy efficient technology needs
16
14
Latin am erica
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Unspecified hybrids
MSW (generation
and treatment of
MSW)
Unspecified RET
Europe
Geothermal
Asia
Solar thermal
Africa
Hydro
Wind (installations
and/or assessments)
Mini- and/or microhydro
Biomass
Solar PV (grid, offgrid)
# of technologies identified
Commonly identified RET needs?
18
16
Latin am erica
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Share of Adaptation Options by Sectors
Systematic
observation
8%
Waste
5%
Land-use and
forestry
13%
Energy
10%
Coastal area
11%
Water resources
10%
Agriculture
28%
24/05/2017
Health
15%
Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
25
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Main barriers to TT identified by country?
Main measures to address barriers to TT
30
20
10
Others
Human
0
Infrastructure
5 56
8 89
0
0
4 44
6 67
6 67
4 44
9 100
5 56
6 67
2 22
0
0
7 78
8 89
7 78
40
Technical
56
56
78
67
11
89
78
0
Institutional
     
  
        
      
    
    
      

     
     
       
        
   
 
  
Total 16 16 16 18 13 11 13 6 7
Percent 70 70 70 78 57 48 57 26 30
5
5
7
6
1
8
7
0
Economic /
market








50
Information /
awareness








60
Policy
   
   

   
      

  
      
70
Regulatory
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
80
Per cent of Parties[%]
Country
Figure 13. Common measures identified to
address barriers
90
Per cent
Economic / market
Information / awareness
Policy
Regulatory
Institutional
Human
Technical
Infrastructure
Others
Total
Table 10. Type of measures identified
by country
Main capacity-building needs?
   
  
   

   
   
   
   
 
   
   
   
   
  
 
  
10 16 8 3 3
43 70 35 13 13
0
67
44
33
11
0
33
2
4
0
8
2
2
6
3
7
3
0
1
1
8
8
5
22
44
0
89
22
22
67
33
78
33
0
11
11
89
89
56
40
30
20
10
0
Others
















0
6
4
3
1
0
3
Infrastructu re







Regulatory
   
   
   

   
   

 

  
   
   
   


  
Total 7 14 9 7
Percent 30 61 39 30







Economic / market
 

 

 
 
 
Technical







Policy / programme
  

 
  
  
  
  
50
Institutional /
org aniztional







60
Information / awareness
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
70
Human
Country
Figure 14. Common capacity-building needs
Per cent of Parties [%]
Economic / market
Information / awareness
Policy / programme
Regulatory
Institutional /
organizational
Human
Technical
Infrastructure
Others
Total
Per cent
Table 11. Type of capacity-building
needs identified by country
TNAs summary
• The TNA is an effective tool for decision makers and
international institutions that may be involved in the
facilitation of the technology transfer process. The TNA
process not only helps identify specific technology needs, but
also points out the direction in which future policies and
regulations will need to progress
• The main beneficiary of the TNAs are the Parties that carried
them out, as these reports provide a good basis for follow-up
activities to further enhance the transfer of climate friendly
technologies.
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Financing mechanisms
• New Bilateral (ODA, seed financing, PPP)
• Multilateral climate related funding initiatives (UNEP, UNDP,
World Bank Carbon Finance, EU COMMISSION )
• GEF (adaptation and mitigation)
• CDM/JI (mitigation and adaptation)
• Private sector (commercial bank, microfinancing)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa
Thank you
[email protected]
Climate
Change
Meets
Policy
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)