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MAPPING ANIMAL FITNESS ONTO SEASONAL CLIMATE CHANGE F. Stephen Dobson Department of Biological Sciences College of Science & Mathematics • GENERAL TOPIC: PHENOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE • GENERAL PATTERN: earlier dates of spring phenology with warming - including species at different trophic levels in the same habitats • PROBLEM: because trophic links are involved, there may be mismatches between resources & reproduction for some of the species specifically, breeding and peak resource periods may not match up e.g., peak insect abundances and nestling feeding by breeding birds often coincide Evidence of trophic interactions Budburst Typical story of timing across trophic levels Caterpillars 1985 - 2005 This study compared plant growth insect development 4 species - song birds an avian predator Both et al. 2009, JAE Sparrowhawks • GENERAL TOPIC: PHENOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE • SPECIFIC QUESTION: how much of the changes in timing is due to: • Plastic responses of phenotypes • Genetic adaptations to new conditions Breeding Date A B cool warm Spring temperature Pattern: Laying date is a week later than 20 years ago (b = 0.35 ± 0.05, p < 0.0001) [due to lower fish food abundance] Heritability = h2 = 0.36 (± 0.05) Selection gradient = S = -0.10 Breeder’s equation: R = h2 S Conclusion 1: •natural selection favors earlier breeding, not later breeding! Conclusion 2: •later breeding due to phenotypic plasticity Snow melted off significant later Emergence from hibernation delayed OVER 20 YEARS: •Emergence 9.4 days later Heritability = h2 = 0.23 (± 0.05) Selection gradient = S = -0.14 Breeder’s equation: R = h2 S Lower fitness with later emergence Conclusion 1: •natural selection favors earlier, not later emergence from hibernation! Conclusion 2: •later emergence due to phenotypic plasticity Population grew, then declined Δ Fitness & Δ Climate: Temperature: 28 June - 18 July Summer temperature has gone up: 3.00 +4.4°C, mean = 16.5°C 2.50 Annual Fitness Summer rainfall has gone down: -3.7mm, mean = 2.5mm Fitness has gone down: y = -0.0977x + 2.9276 R² = 0.1833 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 r = -0.428 (P = 0.05), with temp 0.00 r = 0.548 (P = 0.01), with rain 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Temperature °C July Rain & Temperature Nov – Dec Snowfall 3.00 0.468* 0.047 -0.032 December Snowpack April Snowfall after Rainfall: 28 June - 11 July 0.046 -0.223 2.50 Annual Fitness Annual Fitness April Snowfall before 2.00 1.50 1.00 y = 0.1201x + 1.0147 R² = 0.3 0.50 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 Rainfall °C 5 6 7 8