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Download Policy Brief_RHF - Regional Climate Change Adaptation
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TOWARDS CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE BUILDING OF VULNERABLE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE AND THEIR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (POLICY BRIEF) Jagadish Chandra Baral May 10, 2012 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Vulnerability context to climate change National context Ramechhap context Synoptic overview of the vulnerable International policy initiatives National policy/framework Key policy gaps Recommendations Conclusion areas Vulnerability context to climate change National Context Nepal the 4th most vulnerable country Attributable to - High exposure 0.04 degrees against .0074 global averages -High sensitivity Young geology/steep slopes -Low adaptive capacity Extreme poverty/difficult access Vulnerability context to climate change… Ramechhap Context Top-most vulnerable country (in rural settings) score .995 19 VDCs declared drought prone Vulnerability context to climate change… Synoptic situations in four vulnerable areas as defined by district stakeholders - Synoptic issues and adaptation /coping practices SN VDCs Issues Adaptation Practices 1 Pakarbas •Huge Scarcity of Drinking water •Drying of spring/well (out of 20 well, limited water in 5/6 well) •Paddy Cultivation just a story •Reduction in Grass/Fodder •Havoc of Invasive species •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Low Agriculture Production •Change in livestock holding and rearing •Padlocking well •Initiation of Rainwater Harvesting •Paddy cultivation over come by maize •Initiation of Cash crops like coffee/Avocado •Forest Conservation 2 Majhuwa •Less drinking water (previous 24 hr supply; now 2 hrs/day) •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Reduce in Agriculture Production (Especially paddy) •No more production of Masyang/Gahat •Less buffalo or cow/HH; high no of goats •Plantation around water sources •Cultivation of Rajma/Bean instead of Masyang/Gahat •Forest Conservation SN VDCs Issues Adaptation Practices 3 Deurali •Drying of water sources/less drinking water supply •Reduction in Agriculture Production •Decrease in livestock •Less Grass/Fodder •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Appearance of Mosquitoes •Changing of Intake for water supply •Forest Conservation 4 HImaganga •Drastically shrinking of water sources (24 hr Water Supply to 1 hr daily supply) •High pest infestation in crops •Erratic climate pattern •Reduce in Agriculture production/Cultivation •Almost no more Production of Masyasng/Gahat due to pest Infestation •No vegetation cultivation now •Reduce in Large livestock rearing •Dying of trees in forest •Water Storage in plastic tank •Change in Livestock rearing (Hybrid goats) •Optional profession •Use of Chemical fertilizer and pesticides (Not effective) •Forest Conservation •Cash Crops (Junar) Field Reality Padlocking Well PROBLEMS -Commonality -Erratic rainfall -Ever depleting water sources -Crop failure and -Loss of biodiversity Problemcenteredaroundwaterstress -Priority Order 1: Drinking water -Priority order 2: Irrigation water Poor Support from the central government and the district agencies Increasing level of hardships to sustain local livelihoods Desperate attempt to cope Tendency to drift temporarily/permanently if favors -Temporary drift by way of getting employment (Headquarter Region, Kathmandu, Overseas) -Permanent drift by way of Property shift/Matrimony DAG can hardly get this opportunity INTERNATIONAL POLICY INITIATIVES IPCC 1988 UNFCCC 1992 Attempts for ambitious targets for mitigation and adaptation is on… NATIONAL POLICY/FRAMEWORK CC policy 2011 NAPA 2010 LAPA framework 2012 Toolkits for CCVA: Draft Key policy gaps Lack of effective integrating agency at the central level to push the climate agenda in a holistic and effective way Lack of two-way communication mechanisms among and between the center and the local levels Weak arrangements to rightly identify and to intervene the vulnerable areas and communities Role and space for ‘learning by doing’ is not adequately emphasized by policies and programmes Details of policy gaps 1. Lack of effective integrating agency at the central level to push the climate agenda in effective and holistic way •CCC not afford to do it-too high an authority for this •MOE has its limitations •NAPA overlooks the role of MLD •LAPA risks of being it for ‘nobody’ •Water problem at the core: govt structures (water supply and irrigation offices) are yet to realize this Details of policy gaps….. 2. Lack of two-way communication mechanisms among and between the center and the local levels Poor coordination among sectoral ministries Disproportionately low attention at the grassroots -Towards desperate community needs -What they have to offer -What project experience has to offer A sort of reflective shield is at work MCCICC does not have constituency at the grassroots Ensuring adaptation as rights looks uphill struggle in the face of local understanding that problem is linked with divinity Permeability class 2 UNFCC Permeability class 1 National Scientist IPCC Permeability class 3 National Government National Benefit International Benefit Permeability class 4- Impermeable Science knowledge Policy/program knowledge International Policy process Reflective Shield Local plight Local Opportunities Local knowledge Local limitations Level of Reflectivity vary Details of policy gaps….. 3. Weak arrangements to rightly identifying and to intervening the vulnerable areas and communities •Vulnerability: just a NAPA Basis-Optional thereafter •Vulnerables are too weak to make their voices heard •Vulnerability changes over small space: thus capturing it is difficult •Lack of adequate/reliable data can a take a toll on vulnerable communities: Eg PPCR Details of policy gaps….. 4.Role and space for ‘learning by doing’ is not adequately emphasized by policies and programmes •CC is a new area requiring more than a sectoral intervention •Need to go ‘out of box’: NAPA does not really conceive this issue •Only a learning by doing might figure out 1) what process 2) approach 3) program) coordination mechanism works • The vulnerability tool kits have limitation: oNot all 7 steps of LAPA framework have been dealt oLacks experiential learning base Recommendations Issue 1: Lack of effective integrating agency at the central level to Push the climate agenda in a holistic way •Establish Climate Change centre with a mandate to Research and inter-sectoral integration Backstopping the role of climate change council and the MoE •MoE to start empowering/backstopping other sectors to shoulder burden of NAPA fund raising and implementation - An idea of separate unit may be useful •Make some agency functionally responsible for LAPA implementation - MLD could be rightly placed for that •Focus adaptation on water stress through: Revised NAPA NAP •More exclusive agency for handling water conservation and supply. Recommendations………….. Issue 2: Lack of two-way communication mechanisms among and between the center and the local levels •MOE should start communicating better with Rest of the sectoral ministries Grassroots: oFor indigenous knowledge/Opportunities oFor past leaning from intervention •MCCICC need to be crafted right up to the grassroots •Work towards ‘adaptation as rights than a conventional aid’ oThough not easy requiring an extension to defy the old conviction that it is the divine phenomenon to convince that it is the GHG for which industrialized world is responsible Recommendations………….. Issue 3: Weak arrangements to rightly identifying and to intervening the vulnerable areas and communities •Make mandatory arrangements in a way that vulnerable communities/ places get first priority by interventions •Empower vulnerable communities to make their voices heard - Institution building may be an entry point Make use of NAPA information to identify vulnerable districts. However, be aware that NAPA’s identification of an entire district ‘vulnerable’ or ‘non- vulnerable’ is not always helpful Supposedly non vulnerable/less vulnerable areas may have inclusion of vulnerability. Opposite may also be true. (example: all Ramechhap may not be vulnerable and part of Sindhuli may be vulnerable) Recommendations………….. •Aim for more data (met and socio-economic) that covers micro catchment. •Use truly participative PRA until detailed data are available for validation of ‘statistical data’ •Gear towardsbetter research to develop drought resistant varieties of crops and livestock •Pilot crop and livestock insurance system with a focus on drought prone areas Recommendations………….. Issue 4: Role and space for ‘learning by doing’ is not adequately emphasized by policy •Given the new field where uncertainties abound and there is no known method, program and approach ‘learning by doing’ should be the basis •Piloting should be Based on indigenous knowledge system Process than blueprint Holistic than sectorally segregated Empowerment focused than centrally sponsored Vulnerability centric than vulnerability blind Recommendations………….. •Should initially be done along the 5 physiographic transact from north to south •Named as community based climate learning school •Replicate/expand the model with necessary modifications •Modify the toolkits based on new knowledge •The overall task may be a collaborative effort among the local communities and sectoral agencies under the facilitation/support/patronage of MLD/NAST •MoE must ensure necessary backstopping The significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them. Albert Einstein Think Out of Box by Way of Putting Vulnerable Communities at Centre Reflection over Nepal’s concerns National Climate Change policy,2011 Major Targeted dates •Establishment of a Climate Change Center by 2011 •Initiation of community-based local adaptation by 2011 • Preparation of a national strategy for carbon trade in order to benefit from the CDM by 2012 •Formulation and implementation of a low carbon economic development strategy by 2014 Reflection over Nepal’s concerns…….. NAPA USD 350 million (estimated cost) 6 thematic Areas • Agriculture and food security • Water resources and energy • Climate induced disasters • Forest and biodiversity • Public Health • Urban settlement and infrastructure Reflection of Nepal’s concerns…….. NAPA……………… 9 combined profiles •Community based adaptation through Integrated Management of Agriculture, Water, Forest and Biodiversity •Building and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable Communities Through Improved System and Access to Service Related Agriculture Development •Community Based Disaster Management For Facilitating Climate Adaptation •GLOF Monitoring and Disaster Risk Reduction •Forest and Ecosystem Management For Supporting Climate Led Adaptation Innovations •Adapting to Climate Challenges in Public Health •The Ecosystem Management for Climate Adaptation •Empowering Vulnerable Communities Through Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Clean Energy Supply •Promoting Climate Smart Urban Settlement Institutional structure including DCC/VCC/Reginal technical suuport/MCCICC Reflection of Nepal’s concerns…….. LAPA framework •Meant for local level •7 steps starting from vulnerability assessment Reflection of Nepal’s concerns…….. LAPA toolkits •Vulnerability mapping and planning •Basic premise of vulnerability assessment: V=f(exposure*sensitivity*adaptive capacity) Main concern of current work Do those national initiatives address conditions such as Ramechhap? Community Interaction in Pakarbas VDC Ramechhap Climate Change Issues SN VDCs Issues Adaptation Practices 1 Pakarbas •Huge Scarcity of Drinking water •Drying of spring/well (out of 20 well, limited water in 5/6 well) •Paddy Cultivation just a story •Reduction in Grass/Fodder •Havoc of Invasive species •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Low Agriculture Production •Change in livestock holding and rearing •Padlocking well •Initiation of Rainwater Harvesting •Paddy cultivation over come by maize •Initiation of Cash crops like coffee/Avocado •Forest Conseervation 2 Majhuwa •Less drinking water (previous 24 hr supply; now 2 hrs/day) •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Reduce in Agriculture Production (Especially paddy) •No more production of Masyang/Gahat •Less buffalo or cow/HH; high no of goats •Plantation around water sources •Cultivation of Rajma/Bean instead of Masyang/Gahat •Forest Conservation Ramechhap Climate Change Issues… SN VDCs Issues Adaptation Practices 3 Deurali •Drying of water sources/less drinking water supply •Reduction in Agriculture Production •Decrease in livestock •Less Grass/Fodder •Erratic Climatic Pattern •Appearance of Mosquitoes •Changing of Intake for water supply •Forest Conservation 4 HImaganga •Drastically shrinking of water sources (24 hr Water Supply to 1 hr daily supply) •High pest infestation in crops •Erratic climate pattern •Reduce in Agriculture production/Cultivation •Almost no more Production of Masyasng/Gahat due to pest Infestation •No vegetation cultivation now •Reduce in Large livestock rearing •Dying of trees in forest •Water Storage in plastic tank •Change in Livestock rearing (Hybrid goats) •Optional profession •Use of Chemical fertilize and pesticides (Not effective) •Forest Conservation •Cash Crops (Junar) SN Policy Issues VDCs Pakarbas Majuwa Deurali Himganga 1 NCCP Not Known Not Known Not Known Not Known 2 NAPA Not Known Not Known Not Known Not Known 3 LAPA Not Known Not Known Not Known Not Known 4 CC program in budget Not included Not included Not included Not included Way forward for the district level Orient yourself with International initiatives National initiatives NAPA/LAPA/CC policy Identify vulnerable communities Do not bulk all VDCs in one basket Do not follow a blanket approach ‘Water’ at the centre of intervention Raise awareness: CC policy Follow the LAPA steps: show diagram Collaborate with existing NGOs/Organizations Purposeful lobby as a last resort for securing financial and technical support