Download building resilience to climate change in islands

More, Faster, Now! Closing the emissions gap – how to unlock mitigation
potential on the ground
“BUILDING RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISLANDS THROUGH THE
ENERGY SECTOR: NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES”
Al Binger, PhD
Senior Energy Science Advisor
&
SIDS DOCK Coordinator
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
Belmopan, Belize
Global potential for energy efficiency
● Estimates of global potential for energy efficiency are difficult to
estimate and verify, must be built from bottom-up (ie: indiv. countries)
● Cases of Grenada and St. Vincent confirm large potential.
● New Climate Economy study estimates that if G-20 adopted strict
energy efficiency standards, emissions would be reduced by 6.9
gigatons by 2030.
● Investing in improvements to meet standards leads to $18 trillion
GDP
● 1 Gigaton Coalition estimates on sample of projects analyzed that
CO2 emissions could be reduced by 1.7 Gigatons by 2020 through
actions taken in renewable energy and efficiency in developing
countries.
“BUILDING RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISLANDS THROUGH THE
ENERGY SECTOR: NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES”
North-South Cooperation:
 SIDS DOCK - the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Sustainable
Energy and Climate Resilience Initiative
 Caribbean Community
(5Cs/CCCCC)
(CARICOM)
Climate
Change
Centre
 Swedish Energy Agency (SEA)
 CARICOM Pilot Countries: Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St.
Vincent and the Grenadines
“BUILDING RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISLANDS THROUGH THE
ENERGY SECTOR: NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES”
“BUILDING RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISLANDS THROUGH THE
ENERGY SECTOR: NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES”
Aim of the Partnership
 Development of renewable energy in Small Island Developing States (SIDS),
and in particular, the role of renewable energy and energy efficiency and
conservation (RE & EE&C) in building resilience to climate change in islands
 Development of a Methodology to identify this role of RE and EE&C, through
the development of inter-related components that can define the role and
those of the various actors at the individual, institutional and systemic levels
 Development of a Draft Regional Programme for Building Resilience to
Climate Change
WHAT’S NEW ABOUT THIS NEW PARTNERSHIP?
NEW THINKING!
 New thinking about future development has to have as a major focus on
making the economy more resilient to the impacts of climate change productive sectors have to become more integrated, promoting greater
synergy among them
 Critical to this new thinking is the role of the energy sector and how
decisions for the provision of energy services can positively impact
agricultural production, freshwater resources, waste management and the
tourism industry, and result in greater climate resilience
 New thinking is also required in identifying the means for financing the new
approaches, given the debt situation in several small islands and the
precarious conditions of the world economy
A PROCESS-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR INCREASING RESILIENCE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
(SIDS) THROUGH TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
Activity 1 - Lay out a process for assessing the level of vulnerability of the
economy to the impacts of climate change and potential consequences
on the population and economy of Islands; and provide an appropriate
methodology that can assist countries to make decisions on sustainable
energy option
A PROCESS-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR INCREASING RESILIENCE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
(SIDS) THROUGH TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
Activity 2 - Enhance understanding of how renewable energy and energy
efficiency projects can help countries build climate resilience, as well as a
review of the obstacles to greater deployment of renewable energy technologies
and energy efficiency practices
Activity 3 - Identify priority actions to make the energy sector a foundation for
climate resilient economies within the context of ongoing regional activities
such as the CARICOM Energy Policy and Caribbean Sustainable Energy
Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS), the Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficiency (CCREEE), the Caribbean Development Bank’s recent
energy policy; the 11th EDF (European Development Fund), and the US-CARICOM
energy security initiative
A PROCESS-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR INCREASING RESILIENCE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
(SIDS) THROUGH TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
Activity 4 - Convene two regional workshops on renewable energy and
energy efficiency for building climate resilience in Caribbean
communities and national economies to share the information generated
and to prepare a draft regional programme for building resilience to
climate change
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROCESS-BASED METHODOLOGY (PBM)
 To assist island governments to identify priorities in sustainable energy
investments and facilitate the comparison of energy options for a better
informed decision related to resilience to climate impacts
 To lay out a process for assessing the level of vulnerability of the energy
system and key sectors of the economy to the impacts of climate change
and identify technical choices that could strengthen and/or assist in building
resilience to climate change impacts
 The critical output of this process-based methodology is to identify the key
decisions that need to be made, when they need to be made and by whom,
in order to achieve the desired outcome.
 Decision-makers require tools to evaluate and prioritize among sustainable
energy measures in small island states, targeting climate resilience, both
social and environmental co-benefits. As defined here, measures can range
from individual projects, to programs, policies and national strategies
Important Key Sectors of the Economy
Important key sectors include the energy, water, waste management,
tourism and agriculture, sectors that have important inter-linkages and
synergies within the context of SIDS documented vulnerabilities as
articulated in the Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA 1994) and its
further implementation under the Mauritius Implementation Strategy
(MIS 2005) and the Samoa Pathway (S.A.M.O.A. 2014).
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT
 In 2014, the SIDS DOCK Steering Committee approved a Concept Paper, developed
in partnership with the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC/5Cs),
the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the
ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) that provided
the beginnings of a working definition of resilience – “Contribution to the Third
International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Apia, Samoa, 1 4 September 2014, Proposed Two-Day High Level Forum: Critical Role of the Energy
Sector in Climate Resilience, Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable
Development in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), 2 - 3 September 2014”
 Post-Samoa work included further narrowing and refinement of the definition with
support in 2015 from the Swedish Energy Agency (SEA). A working definition of
resilience, within the context of SIDS vulnerabilities was arrived at
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT:
Working Definition of Resilience Building in SIDS
“The ability of a small island to become less vulnerable and more
capable to respond and recover from the disruptions and destruction
associated with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, including
more ferocious and frequent hydro-meteorological events, severe
impacts from sea-level rise, and increasing ocean temperature and
acidity, by development and efficient use of the natural resource
endowment. The ability to respond and recover is linked to national
capacity which determines the ability to extract and efficiently utilize
energy, food and water from the natural resource base”
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT
Timeline of Activities Post-Samoa
 January 2015 – Swedish Energy Agency (SEA) and SIDS DOCK begin formal
discussions on development of the pilot project
 February 2015 - Swedish and Caribbean Consultants contracted to assist with the
development of the methodology led by a team from the SEA and SIDS DOCK
 May 2015 – First SEA/SIDS DOCK Mission to Grenada - a necessary part of the first
phase of the project, and to facilitate preparation of the Grenada Case Study. The
primary goal of the mission is to close information gaps, conduct face-to-face
interviews, and to consult with key decision-makers and stakeholders in public and
private sector agencies/institutions/organisations, particularly in the areas of
energy, water, agriculture, tourism, and waste management.
 July 2015 – Second SEA/SIDS DOCK Mission to St. Vincent and the Grenadines
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT
Timeline of Activities Post-Samoa
 August 2015 – First SEA/SIDS DOCK Follow-up Workshop, Grenada
 October 2015 – Second SEA/SIDS DOCK Follow-up Workshop, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
 September –December 2015 – Preparation of Country Reports by Working Groups
in 2 Pilot Countries -
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT
Testing the Methodology
 A major activity of the workshops was to engage participants in the pilot test study
on 2 selected countries to test the methodology
 An output of the workshops was the formation of Working Groups, formed to
continue testing the methodology and using the toolkit, conduct a sector overview
and prepare a report that identifies and recommends the appropriate RE&EE
interventions that would make each sector more resilient to the impacts of climate
change and which would also allow the sector and the population to recover more
quickly.
 The report will also be accompanied by an Indicative Project Pipeline of
recommended projects in each sector
SIDS PAYING A HIGH PRICE: PERCENTAGE OF GDP SPENT
ON FUEL & IMPORTS
Country (2013)
Antigua & Barbuda
GDP (USD
Billion)
1.61
GDP Per
Capita
18,400
% GDP Spent on Fuel & Imports
Electricity – 4% Total – 12%
Total Installed
Capacity (2012)
(MW)
118
Bahamas
11.4
32,000
Electricity – 4.59% Total – 11.35%
438
Barbados
7.004
25,100
Electricity – 2.7%3 Total –6.9%4
239.1
Belize
1.6
4,764
Electricity – <0.1% Total – 1.95%
154
Dominica
1.02
14,300
Electricity – 1.59% Total – 5.02%
23.8
Grenada
Jamaica
1.46
25.13
13,800
9,000
Electricity – 13% Total – 18%
Electricity – 3%1 Total – 9%
48.59
923
St. Kitts & Nevis
0.952
26,400
Electricity – 2.92% Total – 3.99%
56.4
St. Lucia
1.38
13,100
Electricity – 6.75% Total – 16.45%
78.4
St. Vincent & the Grenadines
1.198
11,640
Electricity – 5.2%2 Total – 10.0%
58.3
Trinidad & Tobago
27.14
20,300
Electricity – 1%2 Total – N/A
2830
Federated States of Micronesia
0.331
3,200
Electricity – 6.9% Total – 17.1%
29.8
Palau
0.272
15,000
Electricity – 6.9% Total – 11.9%
28.05
IMPLEMENTING THE PILOT PROJECT
Key Lessons Learned
 Successful implementation highly dependent on leadership at the Head of
Government/State
 Water , Food Security , waste management emerged as critical issues that could be
addressed through transformation of the energy sector and development and
deployment of RE&EE
 Working Groups solidifies country ownership and must include senior decision and
policy makers from the public and private sectors and civil society
 Governments requested that the Resilience work to be integrated into National
Sustainable Development Plans