Download Diseases 3rd

Diseases in Africa
• Caused by mosquito bites
• People experience fever,
chill, headaches, and flu-like
illness
• Each yeah, 350-500 million
cases occur
– Over one million die
– Most are children in SubSaharan Africa
• Could be prevented by using
bednets (preferably
insecticide treated),
insecticides, wearing clothes
that cover most of the body,
or antimalarial drugs
– But no specific vaccine
• Can develop in 7 days or
several months
Malaria
Countries in
Africa Afflicted
with Malaria
All countries
south of the
Sahara
• Caused by mosquito bites
• Range from self-limited
fever to severe hepatitis
and a fever that causes
blood discharge
• No specific treatment
• Fatality rate = 20%
Yellow Fever
Countries
Angola
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central Africa Republic
Chad
Cote d’Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the
Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Kenya
Ethiopia
Liberia
Gabon
Mali
The Gambia
Mauritania
Ghana
Niger
Guinea
Nigeria
Guinea-Bissau
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Sao Tome and
In SubPrincipe
Senegal
Saharan
Somalia
Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
• Transmitted by
mosquitoes
• Occurs to 3 – 14 days
• High fevers, severe
frontal headaches,
joint/muscle pain,
vomiting, and rash that
can spread from torso to
the arms, legs and face
– Occasionally
• No vaccine
Dengue Fever
• Spread by eating
food/beverages that is
contaminated with
Salmonella Typhi (S.
Thyphi)
• Persistant high fever (103
– 104), headache,
anorexia, rash spots
• 22 million cases a year
– 200,0000 die a year
• Two vaccines
– Oral live (capsule)
– Shot
– Protect 50%-80% of people
Typhoid Fever
• Spread by contaminated
food, fecal contamination
in water
• Watery diarrhea,
vomiting, circulatory
collapse
– Leads to rapid loss of body
fluids
– Without treatment, death
can occur in hours
• Two oral vaccines (not
available in the US)
• Rehydration is main
treatment
– Oral rehydration salts
Cholera
A
B
• Viral infection of the liver
• Fever, anorexia, nausea,
malaise
• Can be transmitted by
direct person-to-person
contact, contaminated
water/food, uncooked
food
• Two vaccines
• Fever, anorexia, malaise,
nausea
• Transmitted by
unprotected sex with a
HBV infected partner,
contaminated needles
used for injection of
drugs/hospitals,
unscreened blood
transfusions
• Two Vaccine
– Both shots
Hepatitis
– Both shots
• HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus)
• AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome)
• Damages the immune
system (which allow certain
cancers to develop)
• Transmitted by sexual
contact, using contaminated
syringes, using infected
blood
– Many women with child bearing
HIV will pass it to the infant
AIDS/HIV
• Recognized in 1981
• Nearly 40 million people are
affected worldwide
• Spread by larvae from
infected snails that can
penetrate unbroken skin,
brief exposure to
contaminated water
• Fever, loss of appetite,
weight loss,
weakness/joint and
muscle pain, diarrhea,
nausea
– Few cases produce
seizures or disease in the
liver, kidney, lung, intestinal
tract, and bladder
• No vaccine
Schistosomiasis
• Transmitted airborne
(person infected coughs
and spreads to other
people in the same space)
– The germs can stay in the
air for hours depending on
the environment
• Weight loss, fever, night
sweats, chest pain,
coughing of blood
• Affects the lungs, brain, or
spine
• Take several drugs for 6 –
12 months
Tuberculosis
– If directions are not
specifically followed, person
could become sick again or
resistant to the drug
• Transmitted by an animal
bite that has the virus
• Last 1 – 3 months
• Paralysis and spasms of
muscles stimulated by the
sight, sound, or
perception or water
– Convulsions can happen,
which is quickly followed by
coma and death
• Immunization works until
72 hours have past
• No treatment will work
after development of
symptoms
Rabies
– Extremely rare cases of
recovery
• Spread from person to person
(child to child/mother to child),
eye-seeking flies
• Disease is caught at an early
age, effects are not shown
until adulthood
• Swollen eyelids, turned-in
eyelashes
– Scarring of cornea
– Left untreated, irreversible
blindness
• Six million people worldwide
are blind because of this
– More than 150 million are in
need of treatment
• Oral antibiotics and in certain
cases eyelid surgery
Trachoma