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Ancient Greece Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely important to the Greeks as a means of transportation and communication. Review of Geography n n Part of the Balkan Peninsula Greece is mountainous n n n Development of independent city-states The soil is rocky and therefore unfertile Seas were important for communication but also for trade Review of Geography n Because so little farmland and freshwater n n n Never able to support a large population Diet based on staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives Desire for additional resources and adequate farmland probably the motivation to establish colonies TIMELINE n 2000 BC - Crete – Minoans rule n 1600 BC – Greece – Mycenaean Kings rule n 1450 BC – Crete – Mycenaeans invade Crete n 1400 BC – Crete – Minoans disappear n 1200 BC – Anatolia – Trojan War Dorian Age Early Greece n Minoan Civilization (2000 BC – 1500 BC) n n First Civilization in Europe (Balkan Peninsula) Founded on the island of Crete Early Greece (cont’d) n n King Minos ruled Knossos and was the protector of the Minotaur according to legend Sea People: Sailors, Fishermen, and Traders Theories of Disappearance n Volcanic eruption n n Trade collapsed n n n n Thera – Island 100 km from Crete Imported grain Famine broke out Overpopulation Mycenaeans invaded and conquered Mycenaeans • 2000 BC – Mainland Greece • Last phase of Bronze Age in Greece • Warrior Kings • Militaristic Rulers • Developed City-States B. Mycenaean Civilization (1600B.C to 1200 B.C.) 1. Built fortified cities in Peloponesus - Mycenae (my see nee) 2. War-like Conquered Crete 3. 1200 B.C. invaders conquered it. Burial mask of Mycenaean King Ruins of Mycenae Background Information • Settled on the Greek mainland • Known as Mycenaeans, after main city, Mycenae • City-states controlled by militaristic rulers LIFE OF MYCENAEANS • Nobles –Life of Splendor –Drank from Gold Pitchers and Silver cups –Buried with Treasures • Commoners –Farmers, weavers, goat hearders –Leftovers from Nobles Preservation of Minoan Culture • Invasions by Mycenaeans prevented Minoans from rebuilding their cities • Adopted pieces of Minoan culture into everyday lives – Value of seaborne trade – Writing system – Minoan legends helped form part of the Greek religion MYCENAE • • • • • Leading City-State On top of steep rocky ridge 20 Ft walls 90 km SW of Athens Military Strong Hold Ruins at Mycenae Outline of the City walls Recreation of Mycenae Lion’s Gate at Mycenae Trojan War • • • • Begins approximately 1200 B.C. 1189 B.C. the city of Troy falls Greek city-states v. Troy Cause: – According to legend, a Trojan youth, Paris, kidnapped Helen, the wife of Greek king, Menelaus GREECE TURKEY CRETE ROMANTIC VERSION Paris of Troy – Most beautiful man alive – Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world • Helen, wife of Menelaus Paris travels to Sparta – Steals Helen while Menelaus is at Funeral – Takes her back to Troy and marries her • Menelaus calls upon all former suitors to attack Paris and Troy • Odysseus calls on Achilles, the greatest warrior in all of Greece • Agamemnon was commander-inchief of Greek army MONETARY VERSION Trade with Asia –Dardenelles – Constantinople –Sea of Marmara –Black Sea • Ruler who controls TROY controls TRADE WAR AT TROY 10 year war –1st nine Greeks battled Troy and surrounding regions –Greeks realized other regions were helping Troy –Greeks defeated the other regions Hard times under the Dorians • Dorians replaced the Mycenaeans around 1200 BC. • Dorians were much less advanced – no writing exists during their time • Homer = kept stories alive with epic poems and myths • The Illiad • The Odyssey II. Greek Religion A. Gods and Goddesses ruled from Mt. Olympus 1. Zeus – King of the gods and of the Sky. 2. Hera – Queen of gods, wife of Zeus and goddess of marriage and 3. Hades – brother of Zeus and ruler women of the Underworld (House of Hades) all dead went there. 4. Poseidon – brother of Zeus and Ruler of the Sea 5. Athena - daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom 6. Aphrodite - daughter of Zeus, goddess of Love and Beauty 7. Apollo – god of light, music, poetry, archers, and the Sun. 8. Dionysus – god of fertility and wine *Myths – stories of the gods and heroes Ex. Pandora – opened a chest and let all the evils loose III. Greek City-States A. Greek city-states were called Polis (fort). (politics, police, policy, etc.) 1. Chora – surrounding area 2. Agora – Public meeting place 3. Acropolis – Hill or mountain with temples, public buildings Ex. Parthenon – temple of Athena on Acropolis in Athens. Acropolis IV. Early History A. Age of Kings (1000 B.C. –700 B.C.) 1. Epics – Long poems about the gods and heroes were written. * Illiad- About Trojan war between Greeks and the city of Troy in Asia Minor (Turkey). * Odyssey - Odysseus (Hero) fights to return to Ithaca after Trojan War. *Both written by Homer – a blind Greek poet D’OH!!!! Trojan Horse The 2 main citystates that existed in Greece: 1.Athens 2.Sparta Life in Athens • Democracy was government (by the people) • Rich and poor struggled for power • Solon reformed government to outlaw debt slavery and allow all citizens to charge others with crime • Cleisthenes reformed Athens government so all citizens could participate • Women focused life in the home and with children B. Athens (personal freedom/ intellectual center of Greece) 1. Sea traders, and farmers To more Democracy 2. Democracy – all citizens participated in government. 3. Four Reformers made Athens a Democracy: Draco - Code of Laws were harsh but written for all to read (Draconian = harsh) Solon – allowed most citizens to vote, cancelled debts to prevent debt slavery. Pisistratus – exiled nobles who disagreed with him and gave their land to landless. Cleisthenes – established democracy. All citizens voted on all issues. B. Rise of Nobles (c. 700 B.C.) 1. Aristocracies rule by Nobles 2. Oligarchy rule by wealthy C. Age of Tyrants (650 B.C. – 500 B.C.) * Tyrant – cruel ruler which has total power Life in Sparta • Spartans conquered Messenian people and made them work the land (helots) • Oligarchy (rule by a few people) was the Government • Military and athletics more important than anything else • Children as young as 7 sent to military camp • Even women were active in fighting • Less time for arts V. Two City-States A. Sparta (Military State) 1200 B.C. 1. Helots – Sparta’s slave farmers 2. Suspicious of strangers, little trade, gov. controlled people from cradle to grave. 3. At seven, boys went to live in a barracks (military). Served until age 60. Unhealthy babies left on mountain to die. Boys could not wear shoes and had one set of clothes. They stole to eat, if caught were beaten. Ruins of Sparta VI. Persian Wars A. Cyrus – King of Persia conquered Greek citystates in Asia Minor. (546 B.C.) B. Darius –(son of Cyrus) puts down revolts of these city-states (499B.C.) (“Remember the Athenians”) C. 492 B.C. Darius sent a fleet to defeat Athens. A storm sinks them. D. 490 B.C. the Persians fought a battle against the Greeks at Marathon. (Battle of Marathon) A Greek runner ran 26 mile to Athens to give the news of victory. He died. (Pheidippides) Darius Persian Wars • Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire (490 BC) • Greeks far better trained warriors – Battle of Marathon and runner Pheidippides – Greeks defeat the Persians badly • Darius the Great attacks from Persia 480 BC – Greeks badly divided; beaten by Persians – Persian General Xerxes attacks and burns Athens – After Persian Wars Athens leads the Delian League (alliance of 140 city-states for defense and protection) E. Xerxes (son of Darius) – tried to defeat Greeks with an army of 200,000 (480 B.C.) Battle of Thermopylae –300 Spartans under King Leonidas with 6,000 allies hold the Persians for 3 days. F. Battle of Salamis (479 B.C.) Greeks destroyed the Persian fleet. G. Battle of Plataea – Last Persian army defeated. THE GREEKS WON!!! Leonidas Salamis (David) Athens’ Golden Age was an important time for drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, arts, and science Pericles’ 3 Goals for Athens Direct Democracy (people elect leaders) Increase the wealth and power of Athens Glorify Athens with beautiful art and sculptures VII. Pericles - Greatest leader of Athens (461 B.C. –429 B.C.) A. “Age of Pericles” – time of Great prosperity for Athens (Athens's “Golden Age”) B. Delian League – alliance of citystates against future Persian attacks. (140+ city-states) C. Athens dominated them and rebuilt their city with its money. The “disc thrower” and the Acropolis were 2 of the examples of the Golden Age of Greece with bronze and marble. Pericles was the greatest statesman of Athens, and helped create the “Golden Age” of Greece. Socrates • 469-399 B.C. • Believed in absolute standards for truth & justice. * Created a teaching method of questions and answers. • At age of 70, was tried and convicted for his beliefs. • Chose to drink poison for a death on his own terms. Plato • 427-347 B. C. • Student of Socrates/teacher of Aristotle • Greatly affected by Socrates’ death. Wrote down the conversations of Socrates. • Wrote his book The Republic because he was not a fan democracy. Aristotle • 384-322 B. C. • Student of Plato/teacher of Alexander the Great • Opened a school called the Lyceum • Invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic. • Became basis of the scientific method used to this day. VIII. Peloponnesian War (Athens v. Sparta) A. Sparta did not like Athens’ heading the Delian League. Sparta developed its own alliance and declared war. B. After years of war, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C. SPARTA WON!!! and took Careful! control of the Delian League. You’ll put an eye out! Greek Hoplite Sparta and Corinth vs. Athens The Peloponnesian War • Lasted from 431 B.C. – 404 B.C. • Athens finally defeated in 404 B.C. • End of ‘Golden Age’ – Philosophers search for truth –Socrates, Plato, Aristotle question nature of the world; create methods of thinking we still use today King Phillip II of Macedonia attacked Greece in 338 B.C. Greece no longer had its freedom! • City-states allowed to continue, but now the country of Greece under the control of Macedonia • Phillip II killed by assassins -- his son Alexander declares himself King Only 20 years old, Alexander was ready to be King • Taught by Greek philosopher Aristotle • Defeated Darius III and Persian Empire • Invaded Egypt and declared pharaoh • Conquered all the way to India by 327 B.C. Alexander was known for fighting bravely with his men in battle. (Left) a bronze statue of the General. By 323 B.C. Alexander returns from Asia to unify his Empire. • • • Wanted to build roads, new cities, and conquer Arabia Became sick with a terrible fever – died at only 32 years old His Generals fought for control of Empire 1. Antigonus – became king of Macedonia 2. Ptolemy – declared himself pharaoh of Egypt 3. Seleucus – took control of old Persian Empire Alexander’s Empire brought different cultures into contact • • • Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian ideas began to come together to create “Hellenistic Culture” Alexandria, Egypt = important city for commerce and technology New ideas emerged about Math and Science 1. Pythagorus and mathematical theorum 2. Archimedes discovers pi 3. Eratosthenes correctly discovered earth’s size Pythagorus is remembered for his mathematical theorum Hellenistic Art blended the ideas of different cultures, and used realism to show everyday life. The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the 7 Wonders of the World. The End