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Heart and Blood Vessels Major Arteries and Veins Jugular vein Carotid artery Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Renal vein Common iliac vein Common iliac artery Subclavian vein Subclavian artery Aorta Renal artery Femoral vein Femoral artery Great saphenous vein Blood Vessels—Arterial System Structure: endothelium, middle, outer layers Functions Arteries carry blood away from heart Arterioles and precapillary sphincters control pressure Capillaries exchange nutrients, waste, and defensive cells between vessel and tissue Arterioles and Capillaries Capillary Structure Blood Vessels—Venous System Structure: three layers, thin-walled Functions: carry blood toward the heart Mechanisms in blood return Contraction of skeletal muscles One-way valves Pressure changes associated with breathing Blood Vessels—Venous System Blood Vessels—Summary Direction of blood flow Vein Outer layer: Connective tissue Middle layer: Smooth muscle with elastic fibers Inner layer: Endothelium Artery Connective tissue Smooth muscle Endothelium Venule Arteriole Capillary Tissue cells Epithelial cells of capillary endothelium Lymphatic System Function Maintains blood volume Also functions in immune system Structure Blind-ended capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymph is the circulating fluid The Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary semilunar valve Right atrium Right AV valve Right ventricle Left atrium Aortic semilunar valve Left AV valve Left ventricle Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Septum Inferior vena cava Figure 8.7 The Heart Structure Layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium Chambers: two atrias, two ventricles Valves Two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) Two semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic Pulmonary Circuit— Oxygenation of Blood Pathway Deoxygenated blood from the body into heart 1. 2. 3. Through the vena cava to the right atrium Through the right atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle Through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk and the lungs Pulmonary Circuit— Oxygenation of Blood Pathway Oxygenated blood from lungs to heart 1. 2. Through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium Through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle Systemic Circuit—Delivery of Oxygenated Blood to Tissues Pathway Oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues 1. 2. 3. Through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta Through branching arteries and arterioles to tissues Through the arterioles to capillaries Systemic Circuit: Return of Blood to the Heart Pathway Deoxygenated blood returns to heart 1. 2. From capillaries into venules and veins To the vena cava and into the right atrium Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Jugular vein Carotid artery Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Renal vein Common iliac vein Common iliac artery Subclavian vein Subclavian artery Aorta Renal artery Femoral vein Femoral artery Great saphenous vein Cardiac Cycle Heart Sounds and Heart Valves Lub-dub (typical heart beat) Sounds are valves closing Heart murmurs Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction SA node: cardiac pacemaker AV node: relays impulse AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) Measure the electrical impulses of the heart Three formations P wave: impulse across atria QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles in Purkinje fibers T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles Arrythmias, ventricular fibrillation can be detected Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) (cont.) Blood Pressure Definitions Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Measurement Sphygmomanometer What’s a “normal” reading? What would be considered “high” or “low” blood pressure? How Blood Pressure is Measured Figure 8.16 Blood Pressure (cont.) Hypertension: high blood pressure The silent killer Hypotension: blood pressure too low Clinical signs: dizziness, fainting Causes: orthostatic, severe burns, blood loss Regulation of the Cardiovascular System: Baroreceptors Baroreceptors: pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries Steps in mechanism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Blood pressure rises, vessels stretched Signals sent to brain in the cardiovascular center Heart signaled to lower heart rate and force of contraction Arterioles vasodilate, increasing blood flow to tissues Combined effect lowers blood pressure Regulation: Nervous and Endocrine Factors Central Nervous System signals Sympathetic nerves: constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure Parasympathetic nerves: dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure Hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) Local requirements dictate local blood flow Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output Cardiovascular Disorders Angina pectoris: a warning, chest pain Myocardial infarction/heart attack: permanent cardiac damage Congestive heart failure: decrease in pumping efficiency Embolism: blockage of blood vessels Stroke: impaired blood flow to the brain Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Smoking: don’t Blood lipids: monitor cholesterol levels Exercise: regular and moderate Blood pressure: treat hypertension Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (cont.) Weight: being overweight increases risk of heart attack and stroke Control of diabetes mellitus: early diagnosis and treatment delays onset of related problems Stress: avoid chronic stress Cardiac Anatomy Practice