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Cardiovascular System
The Heart
Introduction & Some General
Info
• Heart contains 100,000 km of vessels
– 60,000 miles
• Heart pumps 10,000,000 liters of blood in
a year
– 30 times its weight per minute
• Heart is about the size of your fist
• Apex points towards your left hip
• The heart rests on your diaphragm
Anatomy
• Pericardium surrounds (covers) the heart.
• Outer pericardium is tough and fibrous
– Dense irregular connective tissue
– Protects and anchors the heart
• Inner pericardium is thinner and more delicate
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Forms a double layer
The double layer is filled with pericardial fluid
This space is called pericardial cavity
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium.
Heart Wall Layers
• Epicardium (Upon)
– Visceral layer of the pericardium
– On the outside of the heart
– Connective tissue layer
• Myocardium (Heart muscle)
– Cardiac muscle/ muscle layer
– Bulk of the heart
– Involuntary, striated, branched
– Histology
• Intercalated discs connect the cells
• They are thickenings in the
sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
• This allows functional units
–Ventricles and atria contract at
different times
Visceral--organ
Parietal--cavity
Pleural--thorax
Periotoneal--abdomen
4 Heart Chambers
• Upper chambers are
called atria/ atrium
– Means entry hall
• Lower chambers are the
ventricles.
– Means little bellies
• Chambers are separated
by septa
– Interatrial septum—
separates right and left
atria
– Interventricular septum—
separates right and left
ventrical
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The heart (what you need to know)
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Brachiocephelic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Left Atrium
Ligamentum arteriosum
Pulmonary ateries
Pulmonary trunk
Bicuspid valve
Left ventrical
10. Arotic Valve
11. Apex
12. Descending aorta
13. Inferior vena cava
14. Right ventrical
15. Tricuspid valve
16. Right atrium
17. Pulmonary viens
18. Pulmonary artery
19. Pulmonary valve
21. Superior Vena cava
20. Aorta (aortic arch)
Right side vs Left side
• Right atrium of the heart receives
deoxygenated blood from the superior and
inferior vena cava
– Why is blood returning to the heart?
• Right ventricle pumps blood to ???
– What happens there?
Two Systems
• Pulmonary
– From the heart to the lungs
– Back from the lungs
• Systemic
– From the heart through the aorta
– To rest of the body
The flow
1. Blood goes in the right atrium (this is
deoxygenated blood)
2. Goes through the tricuspid valve (the lub
you hear in your heart beat)
3. Goes into the right ventricle
4. Goes through the pulmonary valve
5. Goes through the pulmonary trunk and
then the pulmonary arteries
6. Goes to the lungs
7. Goes in the pulmonary veins (now
oxygenated blood)
8. Goes to and through the left atrium
9. Goes through the bicuspid valve
10. Goes through the left ventricle
11. Goes through the aortic valve
12. Goes through the aortic and systemic
arteries
13. Goes through your body
14. Comes back from your body
(unoxygenated and carrying Carbon
dioxide)
15. Comes into the superior vena cava, and
inferior vena cava
Back to step one