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Transcript
CV system – function is to distribute oxygen and nutrients/remove wastes from the body’s tissues Made up of 2 parts: systemic [body] Left side and pulmonary [lungs] Right side Heart is the main organ of the system size of your clenched fist, 14 cm long by 9 cm wide located in the mediastinum (b/w the lungs laterally, spinal column and sternum, posteriorly and anteriorly respectively); apex points to the left and inferior (5th intercostal space, touching diaphragm), base is superior (beneath 2nd rib) Coverings – contained within a triple-layered membrane (pericardium) outer layer is fibrous pericardium (tough, dense) deep to that is the parietal pericardium covering the surface of the heart is the visceral pericardium. space b/w fibrous and visceral is pericardial cavity, filled with serous fluid lubricates the heart. If pericardium becomes inflamed (pericarditis – can’t secrete fluid – membranes stick together- heart can’t move properly, severe chest pain, may require surgery) The Heart Wall - 3 layers epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)– the outermost layer – usually has fat deposits along the surface myocardium – thick cardiac muscle – large blood supply, large nerve supply endocardium – elastic and collagen fibers Heart Chambers – 4 chambers double pump 2 atria (“entrance room”) – superior - receive blood from veins then push it to the ventricles – not much myocardium, thinner walls than ventricles; only generate about 5 mm Hg pressure (each), smaller than ventricles, positioned superior to ventricles, pump blood to the ventricles. Contain ear-like projections – auricles – hollow, hold xs blood 2 ventricles - inferior to atria– thicker myocardium, pump blood out of the heart. Right vent – sends deoxyg, blood to lungs, generates about 25 mm Hg pressure; Left vent. – sends oxygenated blood to entire body, generates about 120 mm Hg pressure interventricular, interatrial septum – walls that divide the heart into R & L halves * Valves [4]- regulate blood flow through the heart * ATRIOVENTRICULAR [A-V] valves- control blood flow from atria to ventricle * Right A-V valve- TRICUSPID [3 cusps] * Left A-V valve- BICUSPID/MITRAL [2 cusps] * SEMILUNAR valves- control blood flow out of the heart * Pulmonary valve- allows blood to leave RIGHT Ventricle to go to the lungs * Aortic valve- allows blood to leave LEFT Ventricle to go to aorta and to the body *Chordae tendonae- chords attached to the AV valves and anchor to walls of ventricle. *Papillary muscle- chordae tendonae attached and pulled by papillary muscle [cardiac muscle]. *Trabeculae carnae- muscular ridges on inside of heart, especially ventricles. Increase surface area. * *Rt and Lt coronary arteries branch off the Aorta and feed the Myocardium. *Deox blood from Myocardium drain back to coronary sinus [back of heart by way of cardiac veins] into Rt Atrium * * ISCHEMIA- partial blockage of coronary arteries * Decrease in blood flow/ oxygen to heart muscle * ANGINA PECTORIS-pain radiates from neck, jaw, left arm and shoulder * Diaphoresis [increased sweating] and dyspnea [difficulty breathing], nausea and vomiting * Damage to cardiac cells * MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION [MI- heart attack]cardiac cells DIE * Usually caused by a clot in the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis – big factor in MI b/c it narrows the arteries. Cholesterol, smoking, obesity high risk factors. * Cardiac Cycle-cycle of atrium and then ventricles contracting * SYSTOLE= to contract * DIASTOLE= to relax ATRIAL SYSTOLE: *Blood flows into the atria – both contract at the same time increasing the pressure and forcing blood out through the AV valves into the ventricles *Ventricles relax, increasing their volume and decreasing pressure, drawing blood in. *VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: *Then the ventricles contract, pushing the AV valves closed – chordae tendonae prevent backflow into atrium. *Increased pressure pushes the blood out through the SL valves. * DIASTOLE: * When ventricles relax, pressure drops, pulling the SL valves closed. Their structure prevents them from opening inward. * Heart sounds – two sounds repeated – “lub- dub” valves opening and closing First sound – “lub” = ventricular contraction (systole) and AV valve closure Second sound – “dub” = ventricular relaxation (diastole) and SL valve closure *when ventricles relax, they expand and create a partial vacuum – forces SL valves to swing back and shut. Murmurs – incomplete closure of valves (valve prolapse) – may get backflow of blood into atria Can detect murmurs by listening: lub swish dub – AV valve damage lub dub swish – SL Valve damage