Download POSICAST BASED CONTROL OF A BUCK CONVERTER

BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Biomedical Engineering
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Bio – “connected with life”
Interdisciplines
Bioengineering
Bioinstrumentation
Biometrics
Biomedical engineer
Clinical engineer
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Biomedical equipment technician
Medical technologist
Hospital engineer
Medical technologist
Biophysicist
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Development of Biometrics
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Measurement of physiological parameters
BMI – Tools by which the measurement can
be achieved
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Specifications
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Range’
Sensitivity
Linearity
Hysteresis
Frequency response
Accuracy / Precision
Signal to Noise ratio
Stability
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Specifications..contd
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Isolation
Simplicity
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Man-Instrument system
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Black box
Human organism + Instrumentation
Instrumentation – Components that provide
stimulus / Mechanism for automatic control of
processess.
Objectives – Information gathering,
Diagnosis, Evaluation, Monitoring and
Control.
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Components
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The subject
Stimulus
The transducer
Signal conditioning
Display
Recording, data-processing and transmission
equipment
Control devices
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Physiology
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Biochemical system
- produces energy
- messenger agents for communication
- materials for body repair and growth
- for body functions
Cardiovascular system
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Complex closed hydraulic system
The Heart (Four chamber pump)
Two synchronized and isolated pumps
Artrium (First stage) collects blood
Physiology
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The ventricle (second stage) – receives the blood
Right side of the heart – collects fluid from the main
hydraulic system (systemic circulation) and pumps
through lungs.
Left side of the heart – receives the fluid
(pressure, volume, pattern of fluid flow, speed of the
pump, efficiency
The blood – communication and supply network
Chemo receptors – Changes in the need for supplies
Pco2 sensors – build up of waste materials
Baroreceptors – out of tolerance pressures
Valves – against the gravity
Physiology
The Respiratory system:
Pneumatic system
Air pump (Diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive
pressures in a sealed chamber (thorascic cavity) lungs
Valving arrangement
Passage way divides and subdivides
Dual air input system (nasal cavities and mouth) –
for
special purposes
Oxygen is taken into the fluid and Co2 is taken out
of the
fluid to the air.
Automatic control center (respiratory center of the brain),
Manual control – if necessary
(Respiratory rate, Respiratory air flow, respiratory volume,
concentration of Co2 in the expired air))
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Physiology
The Nervous system:
Communication network of the body.
Self adapting central information processor.
The Brain
Millions of communication lines (afferent and
efferent nerves) that bring sensory information-in,
transmit control information-out of the brain.
Information is coded by electrochemical pulses
(nerve action potentials) travel along nerves.
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Problems
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Inaccessibility of variables to measurement
Variability
Lack of knowledge
Interaction among physiological systems
Effect of transducer
Artifacts
Energy limitations
Safety
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Bioelectric potentials
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Resting and action potentials
Propagation of action potentials
Bioelectric potentials
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ECG-Electrocardiogram
EEG-Electroencephalogram
EMG-Electromyogram