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BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Biomedical Engineering Bio – “connected with life” Interdisciplines Bioengineering Bioinstrumentation Biometrics Biomedical engineer Clinical engineer 5/24/2017 Biomedical equipment technician Medical technologist Hospital engineer Medical technologist Biophysicist 5/24/2017 Development of Biometrics Measurement of physiological parameters BMI – Tools by which the measurement can be achieved 5/24/2017 Specifications Range’ Sensitivity Linearity Hysteresis Frequency response Accuracy / Precision Signal to Noise ratio Stability 5/24/2017 Specifications..contd Isolation Simplicity 5/24/2017 Man-Instrument system Black box Human organism + Instrumentation Instrumentation – Components that provide stimulus / Mechanism for automatic control of processess. Objectives – Information gathering, Diagnosis, Evaluation, Monitoring and Control. 5/24/2017 Components The subject Stimulus The transducer Signal conditioning Display Recording, data-processing and transmission equipment Control devices 5/24/2017 Physiology Biochemical system - produces energy - messenger agents for communication - materials for body repair and growth - for body functions Cardiovascular system - 5/24/2017 Complex closed hydraulic system The Heart (Four chamber pump) Two synchronized and isolated pumps Artrium (First stage) collects blood Physiology - - - 5/24/2017 The ventricle (second stage) – receives the blood Right side of the heart – collects fluid from the main hydraulic system (systemic circulation) and pumps through lungs. Left side of the heart – receives the fluid (pressure, volume, pattern of fluid flow, speed of the pump, efficiency The blood – communication and supply network Chemo receptors – Changes in the need for supplies Pco2 sensors – build up of waste materials Baroreceptors – out of tolerance pressures Valves – against the gravity Physiology The Respiratory system: Pneumatic system Air pump (Diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive pressures in a sealed chamber (thorascic cavity) lungs Valving arrangement Passage way divides and subdivides Dual air input system (nasal cavities and mouth) – for special purposes Oxygen is taken into the fluid and Co2 is taken out of the fluid to the air. Automatic control center (respiratory center of the brain), Manual control – if necessary (Respiratory rate, Respiratory air flow, respiratory volume, concentration of Co2 in the expired air)) 5/24/2017 Physiology The Nervous system: Communication network of the body. Self adapting central information processor. The Brain Millions of communication lines (afferent and efferent nerves) that bring sensory information-in, transmit control information-out of the brain. Information is coded by electrochemical pulses (nerve action potentials) travel along nerves. - 5/24/2017 Problems Inaccessibility of variables to measurement Variability Lack of knowledge Interaction among physiological systems Effect of transducer Artifacts Energy limitations Safety 5/24/2017 Bioelectric potentials Resting and action potentials Propagation of action potentials Bioelectric potentials 5/24/2017 ECG-Electrocardiogram EEG-Electroencephalogram EMG-Electromyogram