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Cardiomyopathies Introduction Define Cardiomyopathy Primary Cardiomyopathies Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ARVD Ion Channelopathies Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis Others Secondary Cardiomyopathies Infiltrative Disease Evolving Definition 1957 – Cardiomyopathy used for first time 1980 WHO – “heart muscle disease of unknown cause” 1984 WHO – “diseases of different and often unknown etiology in which the dominant feature is cardiomegaly and heart failure” 1995 WHO – “disease of myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction” Current Consensus Definition “a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation and are due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic. Cardiomyopathies either are confined to the heart or are part of generalized systemic disorders, often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability.” Maron, BJ. Et al. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807-1816. That what is not… Disease entities NOT included in current definition of cardiomyopathy (direct consequence of other cardiovascular abnormalities): Ischemic Heart Disease Valvular obstruction and Insufficiency Hypertensive Heart Disease (poorly defined) Congenital Heart Disease Metastatic and primary intracavitary or intramyocardial cardiac tumors Maron, BJ. Et al. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807-1816. That what IS… Primary Cardiomyopathies Maron, BJ. Et al. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807-1816. Secondary Cardiomyopathies Secondary Cardiomyopathies (“specific cardiomyopathies”) Infiltrative Storage Diseases Toxic injury, Cancer Therapy Endomyocardial Disease Inflammatory (Sarcoid) Endocrinopathies Cardiofacial Rheumatologic Disease (Autoimmune) Muscular Dystrophies Nutritional/Electrolyte Maron, BJ. Et al. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807-1816. Work-up/Evaluation History & Physical Examination Biomarkers – May be elevated in myocarditis or acute injury EKG Echocardiogram MRI Segmental vs. Global wall abnormalities, chamber size, RV function Distinguish ischemic from non-ischemic Biopsy (Class IIb) unexplained new-onset heart failure <2 weeks with normal size/dilated LV with hemodynamic compromise Unexplained new-onset heart failure 2 weeks to 3 months with dilation and new arrhythmia or block The Genetic Cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy HCM Facts Autosomal Dominant (1:500 phenotypic expression by echo) Most common cause of SCD in young Common cause of HF disability in all ages Diagnosis by 2-D Echo or MRI after clinical suspicion (personal or family history) Differentiate from physiologic athletic heart Patient Presentation Hypertrophy of myocardium (20-40 mm), usually in basal to mid-ventricular septum Small-normal LV cavity size – Diastolic dysfunction Leads to subaortic obstruction (20-40% at rest, majority during stress) – worsened with decreased preload, decreased afterload, or increased contractility Anterior mitral leaflet may contact the ventricular septum resulting in “systolic anterior motion” Mitral regurgitation Dyspnea or Pre-Syncope/ Syncope Increased left atrial pressure – Dyspnea with exertion Myocardial ischemia -- Angina Arrhythmia, Sudden Cardiac Death (1% per year) Autonomic Dysfunction (25%) HCM Physical Exam Palpable double apical impulse – Large atrial kick, sustained LV impulse Increased JVP with prominent “a wave” Carotid with rapid upstroke with “bifid” Murmur increase with maneuvers that drop LVED volume Valsalva, pure vasodilators, Dehydration, decreased venous return Decreases with squatting S3 and S4 gallops common HCM Pathophysiology 11 identified mutant genes (beta-myosin heavy chain, myosin-binding protein C, et al.) and >400 individual mutations Mutations alter sarcomeric function Lead to hypertrophy and fibrosis Myocardial diarray Thrombosis and obliteration of small vessels Other genetic diseases may mimic HCM Mitochondrial derangements Hypertrophic CM Screening Adult family members of HCM patients should get surveillance echo every 5 years Adolescents every 12-18 months Genetic testing only 50% accurate Management of HCM Avoid dehydration Avoid competitive athletics or stenuous activity Pure vasodilators, high-dose diuretics, positive inotropes should be avoided First-line therapy – beta blockers Non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers Septal myectomy or alcohol septal ablation for disabling effort related symptoms ICD for patient’s with hx of cardiac arrest or VT Also for patient’s with 2 of following: +Fam hx, syncope in young, NSVT episodes, >3 cm hypertrophy, autonomic dysfxn A 42 y/o woman comes to the office for evaluation of progressive angina and dyspnea on exertion that she has noticed for the past 6 months. She has no history of cardiovascular disease, other than a longstanding murmur. She has never smoked, has no family history of CAD, does not have DM or HTN, and has normal Lipids. On phyical examination, BP 112/70, HR 86, with regular rhythm; JVP normal; carotid upstorkes are brisk without bruits; and lung fields are clear. Cardiac examination shows normal S1 and S2. An S4 is also noted. She has a grade II/VI late-peaking systolic ejection murmur that increased with the strain phase of Valsalva maneuver as well as when she rises from squatting to standing. The apical impulse is bifid. The abdomen and extrmities appear normal. Chest radiography shows mild increase in pulmonary vascularity. Heart normal size. ECG shows LVG with deep T-wave inversions in precordial leads. Echocardiogram shows asymmetric septal hypertrophy, with maximum septal thickness of 22 mm. Significant systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve is noted and causes moderate mitral regurgitation. The patient has a left ventricular outflow tract obstruction of 64 mm Hg. Which of the following is best initial management of this patient’s condition? A. Isosorbide mononitrate 30 mg/d B. Lisinopril 5 mg/d C. Metoprolol 25 mg twice a day D. Furosemide, 40 mg twice a day E. Sustaine-release nifedipine, 60 mg/d The Genetic Cardiomyopathies: Arrythmogenic RV Dysplasia Arrhythmogenic RV Dysplasia Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance: 1:5000 phenotypic expression RV predominantly involved with myocyte loss with regional fatty of fibrofatty tissue replacement LV involvement in 75% of patients Presents with ventricular tachyarrhthmia Most common cause of sudden death in competitive athletes in Italy AVRD Diagnosis Diagnosis based on: Arrhythmia, syncope, or cardiac arrest Global or segmental chamber dilation or wall motion abnormalities (usually in RV) Diagnostic Testing: ECG (T wave inversion in V1-V3, RBBB) Echo, Cardiac MRI, Cardiac CT, and RV angiography Endomyocardial biopsy The Genetic Cardiomyopathies: Left Ventricular Noncompaction LV Noncompaction Distinctive “spongy” appearance of LV myocardium Usually involves distal (apical) portion of LV chamber Results from arrest in normal embryogenesis in both familial and nonfamilial forms Diagnosed by 2D echo, MRI or LV angiography Associated with HF, thromboemboli, arrythmia, and sudden death The Genetic Cardiomyopathies: Ion Channelopathies Ion Channelopathies LQT Syndrome Risk for torsade des pointes, syncope, and sudden cardiac death Variable phenotypic expression Jervell & Lange-Nielson syndrome Associated with deafness Autosomal recessive 2 genes that code for slow potassium channel Romano-Ward syndrome More common autosomal dominant 8 genes may have mutations (6 for K channels, 1 for Na channel, 1 for ankyrin) Ion Channelopathies Brugada Syndrome First described in 1992 Sudden cardiac death in young people EKG with RBBB and coved ST-segment elevation in V1-V3 If concealed can be unmasked with Class I antiarrythmics Linked to mutations in cardiac sodium channel gene (LQT3) Short QT Syndrome Sudden cardiac death from VT/fibrillation Tall peaked T waves as with hyperkalemia Ion Channelopathies Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Syncope, Sudden death, polymorphic VT triggered by vigorous exertion or emotion Normal resting ECG Autosomal dominant form linked to RYR2 gene which codes for “large ryanodine receptor protein” that regulates calcium Ideopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Mixed Cardiomyopathies: Dilated Cardiomyopathy Dilated Cardiomyopathy Common with prevalence of 1:2500 usually in 3rd to 4th decade with 3:1 male to female ratio Most common cause of heart transplant Ventricular enlargement, systolic dysfunction, and normal LV thickness Diagnosis by 2D Echo Progressive HF, arrhythmia, heart block, thromboembolism, sudden death DCM Causes Both genetic and acquired Infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal, myobacterial, parastitic) Toxins (alcohol, chemo/doxorubicin) Autoimmune Post-viral “Barney Clark’s Disease Dermatomyositis/Connective Tissue Disease Endocrinopathies (Pheo, Acromegally) Neuromuscular disease (muscular dystrophy) Infiltrative Diseases (hemochromatosis, sarcoid) Mitochondrial defects Metabolic/Nutritional Familial (20-35% of cases) Mixed Cardiomyopathies: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Increased stiffness of myocardium Impaired ventricular filling Normal or reduced diastolic volume Normal or near-normal systolic function Right-sided HF symptoms (JVD, edema, ascites) more than left-sided symptoms Pathogenesis of RCM Pressure in walls of ventricle rise precipitously with minimal increase in volume Early diastolic filling of ventricle Deep and early decline in ventricular pressure Rapid rise to plateau in early diastole (square root) Restrictive CM vs. Constrictive Pericarditis Must distinguish from constrictive pericarditis Kussmaul’s (CP) Rapid y-descent more common (CP) LVEDP usually equal to RVEDP (CP) Increased RV systolic velocity and decreased LV systolic velocity with inspiration (CP) Etiologies Idiopathic RCM/ Primary RCM Amyloidosis Infiltrative/Storage Disease Endomyocardial Fibrosis/ Eosinophilic Disease Primary Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Rare Either sporadic and familial forms Mild to mod increase in cardiac weight with patchy interstitial fibrosis Normal or decreased volume of ventricles, normal thickness but impaired ventricular filling with restrictive physiology Normal systolic function Biatrial enlargement with thrombi in atrial appendages common (1/3 of patients) May require permanent pacing Treatment of Restrictive Disease Diuretics with caution (preload dependence) Treat atrial fibrillation (rhythm or rate) Chronotropic agents may worsen failure -Fixed stroke volume Pacemaker Oral anticoagulation Heart transplantation Acquired Cardiomyopathies: Myocarditis Myocarditis Diagnosed as DCM over weeks to months Slight male predominance Symptoms range from fatigue, DOE, palpitations, precordial chest pain and syncope Often associated with viral prodrome Commonly associated with myopericarditis Most resolve with few short-term sequelae over one to six months Important cause of sudden death Cooper, LT. NEJM. 2009; 360:1526-1538. Myocarditis Infectious Causes Viral & Post-viral Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme) Transient/permanent heart block or arryhthmia Coinfection with ehrlichia or babesia Trypanosoma cruzi (South America) Coxsackievirus B – 1950’s through 1990’s Adenovirus – late 1990’s Parvovirus B19 & other viruses – past 5 years Hepatitis C Less commonly: Epstein-Barr virus, CMV, HHV-6 With RBBB or LAFB (arryhthmia or heart block in 10-20%) Left ventricular apical aneurysm, diffuse or regional HIV – 50% or more of HIV patients on autopsy Cooper, LT. NEJM. 2009; 360:1526-1538. Myocarditis Variants Hypersensitivity Myocarditis -- Rash, fever, eosinophilia after medications -- Anticonvulsants, antibiotics, antipsychotics Giant-cell myocarditis -- DCM with thymoma, autoimmune disorder, VT, or heart block Multinucleated giant cells and eosinophils High need for Cardiac Transplant Sarcoid myocarditis Also seen with Churg-Strauss, Loffler’s endomyocardial fibrosis, cancer and parasitic infections May see valvular fibrosis, CHF, and endocardial thrombi May need treatment with corticosteroids Evidence of Granuloma formation Acute Rheumatic Fever Cooper, LT. NEJM. 2009; 360:1526-1538. Cooper, LT. NEJM. 2009; 360:1526-1538. Myocarditis Treatment Myocarditis Treatment Trial showed no benefit to prednisolone plus cyclosporine or azathioprine vs. placebo for biopsyproven lymphocytic myocarditis. IMAC (Immune Modulation for Acute Cardiomyopathy) showed no benefit of IVIG over usual care in LV fxn Murphy, JG, & Lloyd, MA. Mayo Clinic Concise Textbook, 3rd Ed. 2007. Acquired Cardiomyopathies: Others Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute but rapidly reversible LV systolic dysfunction No atherosclerotic CAD Triggered by profound psychological stress Typically seen in older women “apical ballooning” with basal LV hypercontractile Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Rare Dilated Cardiomyopathy with impaired LV function Seen in 3rd trimester or first 5 months postpartum More frequently in obese, multiparous women >30, with preeclampsia 50% with complete recovery in 6 months A 35 y/o woman who is 39 weeks pregnant presents with progressive dyspnea. She was previously asymptomatic and has no history of cardiovascular disease. This pregnancy is her first. Physical examination shows a jugular venous pressure of 13 cm H20, a diffuse apical impulse, and an apical systolic murmur. S3 and S4 are noted at the apex. Crackles are noted in both lungs. An electrocardiogram shows sinus tachycardia, but is otherwise normal. Base on this patient’s findings, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Severe aortic valve stenosis B. Severe tricuspid valve regurgitation C. Atrial Septal Defect D. Peripartum cardiomyopathy E. Pulmonary embolism Others Tachycardia Induced Cardiomyopathy Follows prolonged periods of SVT or VT May mimic idiopathic DCM Systolic function improves without impairment after tachycardia treated Alcohol induced dilated cardiomyopathy Reversible on cessation of alcohol intake Secondary Cardiomyopathies: Infiltrative and Storage Diseases Amyloid Usually presents with hypertrophy, angina, and “restrictive physiology” (associated with 55% mortality) May see thrombi in LAA Myocardial tissue damaged and replaced with infiltrative interstitial deposits Conduction abnormalities “Scintillating granular sparkling” Normal to Low voltage EKG Etiologies Primary– Caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains from plasma cells, as in multiple myeloma Secondary – less commonly involving heart; result of inflammatory or rheumatic disease Familial Other Infiltrative CMs Usually present as Restrictive Cardiomyopathies In wall, valves, or coronary arteries Gaucher Disease – Glucocerebroside Hurler’s Disease -- Mucopolysaccharide Hunter’s Disease -- Mucopolysaccharide Storage Diseases Hemochromatosis Walls not thickened Improvement in function with treatment Fabry-Anderson Disease Glycogen storage disease (Pompe, type II) Niemann-Pick disease Secondary Cardiomyopathies: Toxins Toxicity Drugs Alcohol Heavy metals Chemical Agents Antracyclines: Doxorubicin (adriamycin), danuorubicin Cyclophosphamide Radiation 38 y/o female undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma presents with new-onset shortness of breath, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. She has completed three courses of chemotherapy including doxorubicin to total dose of 250 mg/m2. Her prechemotherapy echocardiogram was normal. She had no significant medical history until diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Her family history is unremarkable. She has no history of alcohol or smoking. Her blood pressure is 110/60 and her HR is 88 bpm. She has JVP of 14 cm with bibasilar rales. She has a regular rhythm, a 3/6 holosystolic murmur at apex, and an S3. She has 2+ pitting lower extremity edema. Laboratory data includes a hemoglobin of 11.1 g/dL, sodium 142 mg/dL, potassium 4.2 mg/dL, glucose 80 mg/dL, and creatinine 1.1 mg/dL. Her chest radiograph shows cardiomegaly with pulmonary vascular redistribution and a small bilateral pleural effusion. Electrocardiogram shows normal sinus rhythm, poor R wave progression , and nonspecific ST and T wave changes. Repeat echocardiogram now shows a LVEF of 25% with moderate MR. What do you recommend to her oncologist? A. Continue current regimen of chemotherapy B. Continue current regimen of chemotherpy but add ACE inhibitor C. Continue current regimen of chemotherapy but add ACE inhibitor and betablocker D. Change to nonanthracycline chemotherapy regimen E. Discontinue all chemotherapy. A 35 y/o man who underwent closure of an ASD at age 5 years was asymptomatic and physically active until 3 months ago, when he began to have exertional dyspnea and fatigue. He smokes one pack of cigarettes daily and drinks a six-pack of beer daily. He is a bricklayer and had to stop working for the last 2 weeks. He takes no medications. On physical examination, BP is 105/80, HR 100 bpm with occasional extra systole. JVP is 11 cm H2o. PMI is displaced. The patient has a soft S1, a split S2, and a grade 2/6 apical holosystolic murmur. The abdomen is distended, the liver is palpable 1 cm below the right costal margin, and 2+ pedal edema is noted. Lab tests show a total serum cholesterol of 180 mg/dL, serum TSH 2.5 microunits/mL, BUN 32 mg/DL, creatinine of 1.3 mg/dL, Alk PHos 220 U/L, AST of 60 U/L, ALT of 75 U/L, serum filirubin of 1.2 mg/dL. Electrocardiogram shows nondiagnostic ST changes, with occasional PVC. Gated PET scan shows an EF of 34% with global hypokinesia. Which is the most likely cause of patient’s heart failure? A. ASD patch dehiscence B. Late heart failure as result of repair of ASD C. Alcohol consumption D. Familial dilated cardiomyopthy E. Coronary artery disease Secondary Cardiomyopathies: Inflammatory/Endomyocardial Endomyocardial Hypereosinophilic syndrome (Loeffler’s endocarditis) Endomyocardial fibrosis Severe prolonged eosinophilia leads to infiltration of myocardium Found in equatorial Africa Right or left cardiac failure, sudden death uncommon Decreased myocardial compliance Degranulation of eosinophils leads to myocardial damage Fibrosis, thrombus formation, obliteration of ventricular cavity, valve abnormalities Treat with steroids or cytotoxic agents Inflammatory (granulomatous) Sarcoidosis Initially diastolic then systolic dysfunction Regional wall motion abnormalities Sudden death due to conduction system abnormalities/blocks Leukemia Autoimmune Systemic Lupus Erythematosis Dermatomyositis Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma Polyarteritis nodosa Secondary Cardiomyopathies: Others Endocrinopathies DM Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hyperparathyroidsim Adrenal cortical insuffiency Pheochromocytoma Acromegaly Neuromuscular Disorders Friedreich’s ataxia Duchenne-Becker muscular dystrophy Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy Neurofibromatosis Tuberous sclerosis Noonan Syndrome -- Cardiofacial Nutritional/Electrolytes Beriberi (thiamine) Pallagra (niacin) Scurvy (Vit C) Selenium Carnitine Kwashiorkor Electrolyte imbalances (K, Mg) Conclusions Current classification of Cardiomyopathies include both Primary and Secondary Causes Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, known for triad of dyspnea, pre-syncope, and angina is genetic disorder seen in young athletes associated with sudden cardiac death AVRD is pathologic condition associated with VT and RV chamber fatty infiltration Conclusions LQTS and Brugada Syndrome are Ion Channel Disorders associated with sudden cardiac death in the young 75% of Dilated Cardiomyopathies from secondary causes, commonly associated with alcohol use and hypertension Restrictive Cardiomyopathies are associated with elevated diastolic pressures (square root sign) and impaired diastolic filling Conclusions Common infectious etiologies of Myocarditis have evolved from Coxsackievirus to Parvovirus B19 Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy is a rapidly reversible cause of LV dysfunction associated with emotional stress Peri-partum Cardiomyopathy, usually presenting as a dilated cardiomyopathy, can be seen from the 3rd trimester up to 5 weeks post-partum Conclusions Amyloid Cardiomyopathy presents as a hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy, angina, and is associated with a high mortality Hemochromotosis and Alcohol Toxicity are reversible forms of secondary cardiomyopathies The antracyclines Doxorubicin (adriamycin) and danuorubicin are associated with cardiac toxicity References • Murphy, JG, & Lloyd, MA. Mayo Clinic Concise Textbook, 3rd Ed. 2007. • Cooper, LT. NEJM. 2009; 360:1526-1538. • Maron, BJ. Et al. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807-1816. • Libby, et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease, Eighth Ed. 2008. Questions?