Download Cardiovascular System

PE 254
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Heart, blood vessels, hormones,
enzymes and wastes.
Four chambers (size of a fist).
◦ Upper chambers (Atriums).
 Right atrium contains the sinus node
◦ Lower chambers (Ventricles).
◦ Vena cava.
◦ Pulmonary Artery and vein.
◦ Aorta.
◦ Coronary Arteries and veins.
◦ Veins
◦ Capillaries
©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies.
All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 12
2
©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies.
All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 12
4
©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies.
All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 12
6
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Blood vessels
◦ Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from
the heart
◦ Veins = vessels that carry blood to the heart
◦ Capillaries = very small blood vessels that
distribute blood to all parts of the body
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Endothelium
Elastic tissues
◦ Rebounds
◦ Evens flow
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Smooth muscles
Fibrous tissue
◦ Tough
◦ Resists stretch
Figure 15-2: Blood vessels
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Alveoli = tiny air sacs in the lungs through
whose walls gases such as oxygen and
carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the
blood
Lungs expand and contract about 12–20
times a minute at rest
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an indirect measure of the
electrical activity of the heart. The activity can be
measured by placing leads on the surface of the skin. The
ECG is made up of five points P, Q, R, S and T. The points
are grouped together to represent important electrical
events in the heart. A normal healthy heart’s ECG is
represented by 3 distinct waves:
•The P wave,
•The QRS complex and
•The T wave.
The P wave represents atrial depolarization followed by
atrial contraction. The QRS complex represents
ventricular depolarization followed by ventricular
ejection. The T wave represents ventricular
repolarization. Other than the three mentioned above
there are other significant pieces to the ECG: The PR
segment is the AV nodal delay. The ST segment is the
time it takes for the ventricles to contract and empty.
The TP interval is the time during which the ventricles
are relaxing and filling.
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/cardiophysio/EKGpwave.htm
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Carotid artery in the neck
Radial artery in the wrist
Count beats for 10 seconds and multiply the
result by 6 to get rate in beats per minute
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Place the bell of the stethoscope over the
third intercostals space (i.e., the space
between two adjoining ribs) to the left of the
sternum (breast bone). (Or to the left of the
sternum just above the nipple line).
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Client should rest 5 to 10 minutes in either a
supine or seated position before measuring
resting heart rate.
Or, client should take resting heart rate first
thing in the morning. This method is the
most accurate.
AT REST
 Heart rate: 50–90
beats/minute
 Breathing rate: 12–20
breaths/minute
 Blood pressure: 110/70
 Cardiac output: 5
quarts/minute
 Blood distributed to
muscles: 15–20%
DURING EXERCISE
 Heart rate: 170–210
beats/minute
 Breathing rate: 40–60
breaths/minute
 Blood pressure: 175/65
 Cardiac output: 20
quarts/minute
 Blood distributed to
muscles: 85–90%
Figure 25-7: Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise
Effect of exercise on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute
It must be remembered that the cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by
EACH ventricle, and NOT the total amount pumped by both ventricles
Two factors determine the magnitude of the cardiac output; these are the stroke volume
and the heart rate
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from EACH ventricle per beat
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute; that is the number of
cardiac cycles per minute
EXAMPLE: If the heart is beating at a rate of 75 beats per minute, and the volume of
blood ejected from EACH ventricle, for each beat, is 70 cm3 then:
CARDIAC OUTPUT = 75 x 70, which is 5250 cm3 or 5.25 dm3 per minute
Spiroergometric
Spiroergometry is a diagnostic analysis in order to rate the physical condition and fitness. The
analysis is based on a step-by-step plan including bicycle ergometer or treadmill fitness tests. With
the help of a special mask certain parameters can be measured - for example oxygen and carbon
dioxide values, respiratory rates, respiratory volumes, heart rates, etc. You receive detailed
information on the following topics:
Which pulse rate is ideal for activating the body's fat burning process?
How can I lose weight in the long term with tailor-made workout?
Is my resting respiratory rate or my breathing under exertion economic or not?
What about the efficiency of my cardiovascular system?
Spiroergometry is equally suitable for amateur sportsmen, pros and health-conscious sportsmen of
all ages.
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Target heart rate zone
◦ Estimate your maximum heart rate (MHR)
 220 – your age = MHR
◦ Multiply your MHR by 65% and 90%
 People who are unfit should start at 55% of MHR
◦ Example: 19-year-old
 MHR = 220 – 19 = 201
 65% training intensity = 0.65 X 201 = 131 bpm
 90% training intensity = 0.90 X 201 = 181 bpm
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A subject’s pre-exercise heart rate is 65 beat
per minute (bpm). After a 15-minute bout of
cardiorespiratory exercise, the subject’s
post-exercise heart rate is 173 bpm. The
subject is 26 years of age. Find the following:
The subject’s maximum targeted heart rate for
cardiorespiratory training intensity?
The subject’s percentage of cardiorespiratory
training intensity?
Figure 15-4: Elastic recoil in the arteries
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"Blood pressure"
◦ Systolic over diastolic
◦ About 120/80 mmHg
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Sphygmomanometer
◦ "Estimate of pressure"
◦ Korotkoff sounds
Figure 15-7: Measurement of arterial blood pressure
Figure 15-5: Pressure throughout the systemic circulation
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Use appropriately size cuffs. The bladder in the
cuff should cover two thirds the arm circumference
to avoid false measurements.
Size Arm Girth Bladder dimensions:
Child 13-20 cm 8 x 13 cm
Adult 24-32 cm 13 x 24 cm
Large 32-42 cm 17 x 32 cm
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ACSM (2001), ACSM's Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 4th ed., pg
7.
YMCA of the USA (2000), YMCA Fitness Testing and Assessment Manual, 4th Edition.
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Blood volume
Cardiac output
Resistance
Distribution
Figure 15-10: Factors that influence mean arterial
pressure
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http://blood-pressure.emedtv.com/highblood-pressure-video/introduction-to-highblood-pressure.html
http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-takeyour-own-blood-pressure
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Effects of School-Based Aerobic Exercise on
Blood Pressure in Adolescent Girls at Risk for
Hypertension
Craig K. Ewart, PhD, Deborah Rohm Young,
PhD, and James M. Hagberg, PhD
Effects of Schoolbased aerobic exercise.pdf
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Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 9th
Legal Liability
Tort and Negligence
Review of Basic Anatomy
Cardiovascular System