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Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes – Cardiovascular System: The Cardiac Cycle and Blood Pressure” Cardiac Cycle ___________________________ o Heart muscle contracts and blood is ejected from the ___________ to the ventricles ____________________________ o Heart relaxes and fills with blood to be ejected during the nest systolic contraction __________________________ o Commonly known as the SA Node o Located in the right atrium and is the ________________________ of the heart o Specialized muscle cells o Automatically generate electrical impulses Electrical impulses are generated through ________________________ _________________________ o “speedy” route: ________________ _________________ ________________ ______________ o ______________________________ Commonly known as the AV node passes the signal from the SA node to the ventricles, causing a delay in the cardiac cycle. o Permits the atria to complete the ________________________ before ventricular systole begins o Bundle of His fibers travel down the interventricular septum the _____________ o Purkinje fibers carry impulses from the bundle of His into the _____________________ o o Resting Heart Rate Active Heart Rate To check your pulse at your wrist, place two fingers between the bone and the tendon over your radial artery — which is located on the thumb side of your wrist. When you feel your pulse, count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by 4 to calculate your beats a minute. Normal Heart Rates (Resting Heart Rates) Canine: o ____________________________ o ____________________________ o ____________________________ Feline: o ____________________________ o ____________________________ Equine: ____________________________ Elephant: __________________________ Guinea Pig: _________________________ Human: ____________________________ Auscultation Auscultation is _______________________________ o Auscultated through the chest wall with a stethoscope o Canine/feline hearts lie between the _____ and ____ ribs o Equines/ruminants heart lies between _____ and _____ ribs Cardiac Rhythm is typically described as _________________ o ___________ is called S1 Associated with the simultaneous closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular systole Mitral valve better heard on the right side of the chest Tricuspid valve better heard on the right side of the chest o ___________ is called S2 Associated with the closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole Aortic valve best listened to on the left Pulmonary valve best heard on the left also Cardiac Output Cardiac output is the _____________________________________ o _______________________ Amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction o _______________________ How often the heart contracts Cardiac Output Equation: _______________________ = ___________________ x ________________ *SV = EDV-ESV EDV= End diastolic volume – amount of blood in the ventricle right before ventricular contraction ESV = End systolic volume – amount of blood in the ventricle right after ventricular contraction COMPLETE Practice Questions 1-4 to calculate Cardiac Output 1. HR = 108 beats/min SV= ________mL CO= __________mL/min EDV = ______ ESV = ______ 2. HR = 140 beats/min SV= ________mL CO= __________mL/min 3. HR = 100 beats/min SV= ________mL CO= __________mL/min 4. HR = 70 beats/min SV= ________mL CO= __________mL/min *Starling’s Law Video Affecters of Cardiac Output Exercise o O2 demand increases o Heart begins to contract more forcefully, this is called ___________________ Shock o _____________________________ drops rapidly o Decreased preload _____________________ do not fill completely o _________________________ occurs because of blood loss o _________________________ occurs due to small blood vessels in organs and tissues dilating at the same time Other affecters o Autonomic nervous system (fight or flight) Increases CO due to epinephrine o Anesthesia can stimulate parasympathetic nervous system Decreases CO due to acetylcholine Blood Pressure The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls. Ideal Blood Pressure (BP) = _________________ Recorded as two numbers: _____________________ o Measures pressure in the arteries during contraction ______________________ o Measures pressure in arteries between heartbeats Veterinarian also use the _________________________________ MAP calculation: MAP = SBP + 2 (DBP) 3 Example: To calculate a mean arterial pressure, double the diastolic blood pressure and add the sum to the systolic blood pressure. Then divide by 3. For example, if a patient’s blood pressure is 83 mm Hg/50 mm Hg, his MAP would be 61 mm Hg. Here are the steps for this calculation: MAP = SBP + 2 (DBP) 3 MAP = 83 +2 (50) 3 MAP = 83 +100 3 MAP = 183 3 MAP = 61 mm HG Complete Questions 1-4 to find MAP 1. BP = 110 mmHg vvvvvv70 MAP=_______ 2. BP = 96 mmHg vvvvv 40 MAP=_______ 3. BP = 83 mmHg vvvvvv44 MAP=_______ 4. BP = 120 mmHg vvvvvv80 MAP=_______ ECG BASICS ECG is short for ____________________________________________ o ECG is a graph of the ___________________________________________ Monitoring __________________, _______________________ AND ______________________ o Most commonly used to identify arrhythmias in veterinary medicine Normal ECG consists of multiple waveforms called _________________________ o Each complete cardiac cycle consists of ___, _______ AND ____________ COMPLEXES: P WAVE: ________________________________________________________________________ QRS Complex: ________________________________________________________________________ T Wave: ________________________________________________________________________