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Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Heart
• Cone shaped
• Muscular
• Large arteries and
veins continuous at
base
• Surrounded by
pericardium
Myocardium
• Muscular part of heart
• Forms walls for the
chambers
• When muscle fibers
contract, blood is
ejected from the
chambers
Heart Valves
• Located between the atria and
ventricles are called
atrioventricular (A-V) valves
• Valve on right = tricuspid valve
(3 cusps)
• Valve on left = bicuspid valves
(2 cusps)
• Prevent expulsion of
ventricular blood into atria
when ventricles contract
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Blood from the body flows to the superior and
inferior vena cava
–
–
–
–
–
–
then to the right atrium
through the tricuspid valve
to the right ventricle
through the pulmonic valve
to the pulmonary artery
to the lungs
•Why does blood need to go to the lungs
before it goes to the rest of the body?
Blood Flow Through the Heart
The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, and
then flows from the lungs
– to the pulmonary veins
– to the left atrium
– through the mitral valve
– to the left ventricle
– through the aortic valve
– to the aorta
– to the body
Resting Heart Rates a
a
Species
bpm (range)
Cat
120–140
Chick
350–450
Chicken (adult)
250–300
Dairy cow
48–84
Dog
70–120
Elephant
25–35
Goat
70–80
Guinea Pig
200–300
Hamster
300–600
Horse
28–40
Mouse
450–750
Ox
36–60
Pig
70–120
Rabbit
180–350
Rat
250–400
Rhesus monkey (anesthetized)
160–330
Sheep
70–80
Adapted from Detweiler D.K. and Erickson H.H., Regulation of the Heart, in Dukes'
Physiology of Domestic Animals, 12th ed., Reece W.O., Ed. Copyright 2004 by
Cornell University
Blood Pressure
(measured in millimeters of mercury)
• Systolic BP
– top number
– measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the
heart muscle contracts)
• Diastolic BP
– bottom number
– measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the
heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood)
Characteristic Blood Pressures in
Adult, Resting Animals Species
Species
Systolic/diastolic
(mm Hg)
Mean
(mm Hg)
Giraffe
260/160
219
Horse
130/95
115
Cow
140/95
120
Swine
140/80
110
Sheep
140/90
114
Human
120/70
100
Dog
120/70
100
Cat
140/90
110
Rabbit
120/80
100
Guinea pig
100/60
80
Rat
110/70
90
Mouse
111/80
100
Turkey
250/170
190
Chicken
175/145
160
Canary
220/150
185
Determines average rate
at which blood flows
through the vessels
Detweiler D.K. and Erickson H.H., Regulation of the Heart, in Dukes' Physiology of
Domestic Animals, 12th ed., Reece W.O., Ed. Copyright 2004 by Cornell University