Download Cardiovascular System

Wolodkowicz
Biology IH
I.
II.
III.
Ch. 47 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
Blood
A. Function
1. Transports oxygen & nutrients to the cells.
2. Carries carbon dioxide & wastes away from the cells.
3. Involved in defense (contains WBC’s & antibodies).
4. Contains Platelets for clotting blood.
5. Helps maintain body temperature.
B. Parts of the blood
1. Plasma- yellow in color, 92% water, also contains glucose, lipids,
hormones, oxygen & carbon dioxide.
2. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - Carry oxygen to the cells.
When mature, they loose their nuclei and become filled with
hemoglobin (red iron pigment that bonds to oxygen).
3. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Fights infection, larger in size
then RBC’s, but less in number.
4. Platelets- stick to a broken blood vessel and form a clot to
prevent blood loss (hemophilia- inability to clot-sex-linked).
C. Blood Types- Proteins on your red blood cells that identify your blood
type. A, B, AB (universal receiver) and O (universal donor).
1. A- You are either AA or AO. If you are given AB or B blood,
your blood will clot and can lead to death.
2. B- You are either BB or BO. If you are given AB or A blood,
your blood will clot and can lead to death.
3. AB- You are only AB. You can receive any blood type.
4. O- You are OO and can only receive O blood.
Cardiovascular System- A system in which blood is transported via a pump
(heart) through a system of tubes (Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries) throughout
the body.
A. Arteries- Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. They
are very elastic to allow the arteries to stretch when the heart pumps large
amounts of blood into them.
B. Veins- Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart. Contain valves to
prevent back flow of blood.
C. Capillaries- Tiny blood vessels that link arteries and veins to the tissue
cells. Where exchange of oxygen, nutrients and wastes occur.
Heart- Pump that moves 7000L of Blood every day.
A. Septum- separates the hearts Left and Right sides.
B. Atria (Atrium) - Week thin walled chambers that collect blood entering
the heart.
C. Ventricles- thick muscular chambers that force blood out of the heart.
D. Vena Cava- collects deoxygenated blood from the body
E. Pulmonary Artery- sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
F. Pulmonary Vein- sends oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the
heart.
G. Aorta- largest artery in the body-sends oxygenated blood from the heart
to the entire body.
Wolodkowicz
Biology IH
2
H. Valves: Right Atrioventricular valve (AV) controls blood from the Right
atrium to the Right ventricle. Left Atrioventricular valve (AV) controls
blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Right semilunar
valve (between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) and the Left
semilunar valve (between the left ventricle and the aorta). (Lub is the
shutting of the AV valves, the Dub is the shutting of the semilunar
valves).
IV.
Blood Pressure- force of blood against your arteries.
A. Systolic Pressure- Amount of pressure the blood exerts on the walls of the
arteries when the ventricles contract (top number 110).
B. Diastolic Pressure- amount of pressure the blood exerts on the walls of
the arteries when the ventricles relax (bottom number (80).
C. Sphygmomanometer- blood pressure cuff- first sound you hear is the
systolic pressure. The last sound you hear is the diastolic pressure.
D. Hypertension- high blood pressure (diastolic above 90). Occurs when the
arteries become to narrow and thus the blood exerts more pressure
against the arteries as it passes. Can be caused by cholesterol.
E. Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) - When a part of the heart dies due to
lack of oxygen (usually caused by a blocked coronary artery that serves
the heart.
F. Thrombus- stationary blood clot.
G. Embolism- moving blood clot- often leads to strokes- part of the brain
dies due to lack of oxygen.
Respiratory System
I.
Following a drop of air and the organs it encounters.
A. Mouth/nose-air is filtered (via cilia) & warmed (thin veins).
B. Pharynx (throat)-runs from the back of your nose to the larynx. Passage
for both food and air.
C. Larynx-made of cartilage. Where food diverges into the esophagus & air
enters the trachea.
1. Epiglottis- flap of cartilage that covers over the trachea when
you swallow. Prevents food/drink from entering the trachea
(cough).
2. Vocal cords- ligaments in the larynx. Tighter the ligament,
higher the pitch, more relaxed, lower the pitch.
D. Trachea (windpipe) - carries only air from the larynx to the bronchi.
E. Left & right bronchi- carry air to the bronchioles (lungs).
F. Lungs- non-muscular sacs (2) that house the bronchioles & alveoli.
G. Bronchioles- smallest tubes that bring air to the alveoli.
H. Alveoli- where gas exchange occurs-300 million.
II.
Gas Exchange-Oxygen binds to iron in hemoglobin in the RBC. Blood travels
to the cells. Higher concentration of oxygen outside the cell then in
(diffusion), thus oxygen moves into the cell. Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of
the cell (greater concentration inside the cell then out), reacts with water and
is brought to the alveoli where it is exhaled out.
Wolodkowicz
Biology IH
3
III.
Breathing Mechanics- process of moving air into and out of the lungs. 2
phases: Inspiration and Expiration.
A. Inspiration- diaphragm (muscle) contracts (lowers) and intercostals
muscles (between the ribs) contract, expanding the rib cage up and out.
This increases the thoracic volume (Boyles Law states: pressure and
volume are inverse to one another) also note, air moves from a high
pressure to a low pressure. If volume increases, pressure decreases, thus
air moves from the outside in.
B. Expiration- no energy needed. Diaphragm & intercostals relax. Thoracic
volume decreases. As volume decreases, pressure increases. Air moves
from a high pressure (in lungs) out.
C. Control of breathing- medulla. We can control out breathing to a point.
But if carbon dioxide levels increase, the hypothalamus detects this and
signals the medulla to force you to inhale.