Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Lutembacher's syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Jatene procedure wikipedia , lookup
Antihypertensive drug wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
Wolodkowicz Biology IH I. II. III. Ch. 47 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Blood A. Function 1. Transports oxygen & nutrients to the cells. 2. Carries carbon dioxide & wastes away from the cells. 3. Involved in defense (contains WBC’s & antibodies). 4. Contains Platelets for clotting blood. 5. Helps maintain body temperature. B. Parts of the blood 1. Plasma- yellow in color, 92% water, also contains glucose, lipids, hormones, oxygen & carbon dioxide. 2. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - Carry oxygen to the cells. When mature, they loose their nuclei and become filled with hemoglobin (red iron pigment that bonds to oxygen). 3. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Fights infection, larger in size then RBC’s, but less in number. 4. Platelets- stick to a broken blood vessel and form a clot to prevent blood loss (hemophilia- inability to clot-sex-linked). C. Blood Types- Proteins on your red blood cells that identify your blood type. A, B, AB (universal receiver) and O (universal donor). 1. A- You are either AA or AO. If you are given AB or B blood, your blood will clot and can lead to death. 2. B- You are either BB or BO. If you are given AB or A blood, your blood will clot and can lead to death. 3. AB- You are only AB. You can receive any blood type. 4. O- You are OO and can only receive O blood. Cardiovascular System- A system in which blood is transported via a pump (heart) through a system of tubes (Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries) throughout the body. A. Arteries- Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. They are very elastic to allow the arteries to stretch when the heart pumps large amounts of blood into them. B. Veins- Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart. Contain valves to prevent back flow of blood. C. Capillaries- Tiny blood vessels that link arteries and veins to the tissue cells. Where exchange of oxygen, nutrients and wastes occur. Heart- Pump that moves 7000L of Blood every day. A. Septum- separates the hearts Left and Right sides. B. Atria (Atrium) - Week thin walled chambers that collect blood entering the heart. C. Ventricles- thick muscular chambers that force blood out of the heart. D. Vena Cava- collects deoxygenated blood from the body E. Pulmonary Artery- sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs. F. Pulmonary Vein- sends oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. G. Aorta- largest artery in the body-sends oxygenated blood from the heart to the entire body. Wolodkowicz Biology IH 2 H. Valves: Right Atrioventricular valve (AV) controls blood from the Right atrium to the Right ventricle. Left Atrioventricular valve (AV) controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Right semilunar valve (between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) and the Left semilunar valve (between the left ventricle and the aorta). (Lub is the shutting of the AV valves, the Dub is the shutting of the semilunar valves). IV. Blood Pressure- force of blood against your arteries. A. Systolic Pressure- Amount of pressure the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles contract (top number 110). B. Diastolic Pressure- amount of pressure the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles relax (bottom number (80). C. Sphygmomanometer- blood pressure cuff- first sound you hear is the systolic pressure. The last sound you hear is the diastolic pressure. D. Hypertension- high blood pressure (diastolic above 90). Occurs when the arteries become to narrow and thus the blood exerts more pressure against the arteries as it passes. Can be caused by cholesterol. E. Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) - When a part of the heart dies due to lack of oxygen (usually caused by a blocked coronary artery that serves the heart. F. Thrombus- stationary blood clot. G. Embolism- moving blood clot- often leads to strokes- part of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen. Respiratory System I. Following a drop of air and the organs it encounters. A. Mouth/nose-air is filtered (via cilia) & warmed (thin veins). B. Pharynx (throat)-runs from the back of your nose to the larynx. Passage for both food and air. C. Larynx-made of cartilage. Where food diverges into the esophagus & air enters the trachea. 1. Epiglottis- flap of cartilage that covers over the trachea when you swallow. Prevents food/drink from entering the trachea (cough). 2. Vocal cords- ligaments in the larynx. Tighter the ligament, higher the pitch, more relaxed, lower the pitch. D. Trachea (windpipe) - carries only air from the larynx to the bronchi. E. Left & right bronchi- carry air to the bronchioles (lungs). F. Lungs- non-muscular sacs (2) that house the bronchioles & alveoli. G. Bronchioles- smallest tubes that bring air to the alveoli. H. Alveoli- where gas exchange occurs-300 million. II. Gas Exchange-Oxygen binds to iron in hemoglobin in the RBC. Blood travels to the cells. Higher concentration of oxygen outside the cell then in (diffusion), thus oxygen moves into the cell. Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the cell (greater concentration inside the cell then out), reacts with water and is brought to the alveoli where it is exhaled out. Wolodkowicz Biology IH 3 III. Breathing Mechanics- process of moving air into and out of the lungs. 2 phases: Inspiration and Expiration. A. Inspiration- diaphragm (muscle) contracts (lowers) and intercostals muscles (between the ribs) contract, expanding the rib cage up and out. This increases the thoracic volume (Boyles Law states: pressure and volume are inverse to one another) also note, air moves from a high pressure to a low pressure. If volume increases, pressure decreases, thus air moves from the outside in. B. Expiration- no energy needed. Diaphragm & intercostals relax. Thoracic volume decreases. As volume decreases, pressure increases. Air moves from a high pressure (in lungs) out. C. Control of breathing- medulla. We can control out breathing to a point. But if carbon dioxide levels increase, the hypothalamus detects this and signals the medulla to force you to inhale.