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Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence I. Sentence Structure A. Typical – SUBJECT (and its modifiers) / PREDICATE (verb part with modifiers and complements) – S / V 1. Mr. Morton / was very nervous. 2. Mr. Morton / was. 3. I / ran. 4. The man with the tall hat / jumped over the fence *S / V / IO / DO B. Atypical – unusual sentence structure (not typical) 1. Sentence beginning with “here” or “there” = inverted (v/s) a. Here are the doughnuts. b. There were fourteen reasons. 2. Sentences beginning with a prep phrase occasionally are inverted a. On your desk are the papers for the test. (v/s) 3. Questions: a. Inverted (v/s) – Where are those old magazines? b. Subject Sandwich (v/s/v) Did you like the video? 4. Commands or Requests: Sentences with an understood (implied or not stated) subject a. Please turn off the lights. b. Johnny, please shut your flapping cake hole. c. Get yourself a blue or black pen or pencil for the test. 1 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence II. Steps for Finding Parts of a Sentence 1. Cross out “here” or “there” at the beginning of a sentence – never the subject of the sentence – think inverted (v/s) 2. Put parenthesis around prepositional phrases (S/V/IO/DO are never inside a prep phrase) 3. Find Verb Phrase – Underline it twice (be sure to look for compound verbs and all parts of the verb phrase) a. ask “What’s happening?” = Action Verb or find a linking verb or state of being verb (use cheat sheet) b. look for auxiliary (helping) verbs preceding the main verb (do not include adverbs – not, -ly, etc.) 4. Find Subject – Underline it once (be sure to look for compound subjects) - Ask “Who?” or “What?” before the verb 5. Find the Direct Object – Circle and Label it - Ask S/V what? 6. Find the Indirect Object – Circle and Label it Ask S/V/DO to or for whom? – Never inside a prep phrase 2 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence III. Names of the Parts A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought. 2 parts = subject + predicate o Must have both parts to be complete A) Verb Phrase- Shows the action or state of being of the subject 1. Includes all preceding auxiliary verbs 2. Excludes anything not a verb (adverbs-ly) Mr. Morton was slowly walking his cat. Not is not a verb (I should not have talked.) B) The Subject (Actor, Actress) – Most significant no0un or pronoun in a sentence that completes the action of the verb the linking verb. Mr. Morton walked down the street. Mr. Morton is very nervous. C) Complements- complete the predicate (verb part) of the sentence. 1. Direct object (DO) - the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb- answers the question “what?” After the S/V I lent my calculator to April. 2. Indirect object (IO) – noun or pronoun that the action of the verb is done for - Like an understood prep phrase (w/out prep.) - Answers the question “to whom?” or “for whom?” after S/V/DO *HINT: if there is no DO there will be no IO.* I lent April my calculator. 3 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence D) Phrases- a group of words that function together as one part of speech - Phrases do not have both subject and verb 1. Prep Phrases- a group of words that begin with a preposition, ends with a noun or pronoun, which we call the Object of the Preposition(OP) and includes everything in between, like adjectives and possibly adverbs - Function as an adjective (describing a noun/pronoun) or an adverb (describing a verb) The boy (in the blue sweatshirt) is my brother. We will walk (over the path) (through the woods). 2. Verbal Phrases- phrase that includes verbs (action verbs), but those verbs are not showing any action (b/c they don’t have an actor/actress.) - Instead they function as adverbs, adjectives, or nouns. a. Infinitive- Verbs preceded by the preposition “to” To + noun = prep phrase To + verb = infinitive - Infinitives can have 1 of 3 possible functions in the sentence. Noun- Jenny wanted [to run.] (S/V/IO/DO) Adv.- Jenny lives [to run.] *in order* Adj.- Jenny has the ability [to run] fast. Infinitive phrases: because an infinitive has a verb in it, its phrases can have anything you might find in the predicate part of the sentence (complements –IO, DO; modifiers –adj, adv, prep phrase, etc) *HINT: Find hardware of sentence* 4 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence b. Gerund- a verb ending in “ing” that is functioning as a noun (the name of an activity.) *Shows NO action* Sub: * Running is Jenny’s hobby. DO: * Jenny loves running. OP: * The purpose of running is so Jenny can stay shapely. IO: * Jenny gives running the most effort. *Gerund Phrase: because a gerund is a verb, its phrase can have anything you might find in the predicate part of the sentence (complements – IO, DO; modifiers – adj, adv, prep phrase, etc) Playing football in the cold in November takes dedication. (Complements- DO; modifiers- adj, adv pp) I enjoy giving students candy for Halloween. c. Participle- part of a verb phrase (shows no action because it doesn’t have a helping verb nor a subject.) - Parts of a verb will end in -ing, -ed, -en or some other irregular past tense form. - Function as an adjective (describing the noun or the pronoun nearest to it.) [Flying] goose. [Dried] fruit. [Fallen] tree. *Hint: single world participles (like simple adjectives, usually come directly in front of the noun/pronoun they modify) *Participial Phrases continued on next page* 5 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence 1. 2. 3. 4. * Participle Phrases: because a participle is a verb, its phrase can have anything you might find in the predicate part of the sentence (complements – IO, DO; modifiers – adj, adv, prep phrase, etc) EX: Swinging her book bag, Mary Ellen walked home. The dogs collected by the dog catcher were barking loudly. *Hints for finding participial phrases.* Often set of by commas (non-essential = can’t make the noun more specific because it is specific already) Can be anywhere in the sentence – must be as close as possible to the noun/pronoun they are modifying to avoid dangling and misplaced participles Must end before the next pillar/piece of hardware holding the sentence together (S/V/IO/DO) Can be taken out of the sentence and the sentence will be complete. E) Clauses: Clauses are like phrases except for one big difference - clauses have a subject and a verb, phrases do not. A group of words that contain both a subject and a verb There are 2 main types of Clauses: 1. Independent Clauses: independent (or main) clauses are in a group of words that contain both a subject and a very and that can stand alone as a sentence. In reality a simple sentence is an independent clause. 2. Subordinate Clauses: subordinate (or dependent) are groups of words that contain both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a sentence. They are dependent on an independent clause (they need to be attached to one). Examples: before you know it Because I told him After the show it over *Notice, that without the first word in each clause, the group of words would be a sentence. Subordinate clauses begin with words that cause them to need an independent clause to become a sentence.* 6 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence There are 3 main types of Subordinate Clauses 1. Adjective Clause: a subordinate clause that is used as an adjective – to describe a noun or pronoun Examples: The lamp, which was priceless, lay smashed on the floor. Bob leaned over to pick up the glass that was on the rug. Bob went to see the woman who owned the lamp. Rules: Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns which function as the subject of the clause. You can think of them as relative clauses, because they are related to the nouns they modify. (relative pronouns – who, whom, whose, which, that) Adjective clauses follow the noun or pronoun that they modify. When using adjective clauses in writing, make sure that you place them directly behind the word they are describing to avoid any confusion (dangling modifiers). 2. Adverb Clauses: a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb – modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb – tend to explain how, where, when, why, and if *adverb clauses begin with subordinate conjunctions – check your cheat sheet. Examples: Bob felt sick when she told him the value of the lamp. If he had known how much the lamp was worth, he would have been more careful. He was in more trouble than he ever thought possible. Rules/hints: Adverb clauses are tacked on to the beginning or end of the sentence. Adverb clauses that begin a sentence are set of from the main, independent clause by a comma to help avoid confusion – begin with the subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the sentence and will end at the comma. Adverb clauses are tacked on after the main, independent clause begin with the subordinating conjunction and will end at the end of the sentence. 7 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence 3. Noun Clause: a subordinating clause that is used as a noun (very much like gerund phrases) Examples: I can’t explain what he did. (N-DO) Whoever broke the lamp must pay for it. (N-S) Bob realized that he was a clumsy ox. (N-DO) The lamp was being mailed to whoever ordered it. (N-OP) Rules/hints: Noun clauses can function as any noun in any clause, including subject, complement (DO, IO, PN), or the object of the preposition (OP) – Subj. and DO are most common Noun clauses are usually introduced by that, but when they can also be introduced by what, which, who, whom, where, when, whatever, whoever. 8 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence III. Steps for Finding Parts of a Sentence 1. Cross out “here” or “there” at the beginning of a sentence – never the subject of the sentence – think inverted (v/s) 2. Put parenthesis around prepositional phrases (S/V/IO/DO are never inside a prep phrase) 3. Find Verb Phrase – Underline it twice (be sure to look for compound verbs and all parts of the verb phrase) a. ask “What’s happening?” = Action Verb or find a linking verb or state of being verb (use cheat sheet) b. look for auxiliary (helping) verbs preceding the main verb (do not include adverbs – not, -ly, etc.) 4. Find Subject – Underline it once (be sure to look for compound subjects - Ask “Who?” or “What?” before the verb 5. Find the Direct Object – Circle and Label it - Ask S/V what? 6. Find the Indirect Object – Circle and Label it Ask S/V/DO to or for whom? – Never inside a prep phrase 9 Grammar Notes Parts of a Sentence Sentence Structure A. Typical – SUBJECT (and its modifiers) / PREDICATE (verb part with modifiers and complements) – S / V 1. Mr. Morton / was very nervous. 2. Mr. Morton / was. 3. I / ran. 4. The man with the tall hat / jumped over the fence *S / V / IO / DO B. Atypical – unusual sentence structure (not typical) 1. Sentence beginning with “here” or “there” = inverted (v/s) a. Here are the doughnuts. b. There were fourteen reasons. 2. Sentences beginning with a prep phrase occasionally are inverted a. On your desk are the papers for the test. (v/s) 3. Questions: a. Inverted (v/s) – Where are those old magazines? b. Subject Sandwich (v/s/v) Did you like the video? 4. Commands or Requests: Sentences with an understood (implied or not stated) subject a. Please turn off the lights. b. Johnny, please shut your flapping cake hole. c. Get yourself a blue or black pen or pencil for the test. 10