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Grammar: The Basics
Sentences Construction
Objective

Understand the difference between SVO / SOV

Use the rule effectively for Sentence construction
Sentence Structure

Subject +Verb+Object
I + eat + food

Subject +Object +Verb
I + food + eat
Gamer Grammar
Objective

Identify the commonly made mistakes while
speaking in English

To increase fluency in English
Building Blocks
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Noun: is a word used as the name, animal,
place, or thing.

Person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
Place: home, office, town, countryside
Animal: dog, cat, horse, monkey
Thing: book, pen, room, tree



Parts Of Speech
Noun
Types Of Nouns





Common Noun
Proper Noun
Collective Noun
Abstract Noun
Countable / Uncountable Nouns
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Common Noun
Is a name given in common to
every person or thing of the
same class or kind.
E.g.
 City,
man, boat, and radio
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Proper Noun
Name of a specific person, place
or thing.
E.g.
Eiffel Tower, India,
Mr. Will Smith, Nokia
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Collective Noun
Name of a number ( or collection) of
persons or things taken together and
spoken of as a whole.
E.g.

A Crowd -a collection of people

An Army - collection of soldiers
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Abstract Noun
Is usually the name of a quality, action, or
state.
E.g.

Quality - kindness, darkness, honesty

Action - laughter, theft

State - sleep, sickness
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Countable Noun
(or countables) are the names of objects, people,
etc. that we can count.
E.g. book, pen, apple, boy

Uncountable noun
(or uncountables) are the names of things which
cannot count.
E.g. milk, sugar, gold, oil
Parts Of Speech
Noun

Lisa works as a programmer at
Microsoft.

Let's have lunch at McDonalds.
Mc Donalds
Mc Donalds
Parts Of Speech
Noun

The sun sheds it’s beams on rich and
poor alike.

Edward was a great king.

The rose smells sweet.

A flock of sheep is passing by.

George was a brave soldier.
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun

Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.
E.g.

Tim is absent, because he is ill.

This book is mine.

It is doubtful whether he will come for the party.

Bob is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Alice.
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
E.g.

Do you think Mary is pretty? I think Mary is
beautiful.
With pronouns, we can say:

Do you think Mary is pretty? I think she is
beautiful.
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun

Personal Pronoun:
I, we, you, he, (she, it), are called Personal Pronouns
because they stand for three persons.
E.g.

The person speaking –This is my book

The person spoken to – Those are your books

The person spoken of- That is her book
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Anybody
Each

Indefinite Pronoun

Refers to noun that are indefinite.
E.g.

One evening a beggar came to my door.

Somebody stole the mangoes.
Either
None
Someone
One
Few
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun

Relative Pronoun- such as that, who,
This, That
which, whose and whom which give extra
These, Those
information about the subject.
E.g.
Who, Whom

The woman who interviewed me was very
Whose, Which
friendly.

I can't stand dogs that bark loudly.
What
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Myself

Reflexive Pronoun

Pronouns combined with –self or
–selves to emphasize the subject of
the verb.
Yourself
Himself
Ourselves
E.g.
I hurt myself.
Themselves
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Person and Number
Subjective
Possessive
Subjective
First Person Singular
I
Mine
Me
First Person Plural
We
Ours
Us
Second Person Singular
You
Yours
You
Second Person Plural
You
Yours
You
Third Person Singular
Third Person Plural
He / she / it His / hers / its Him / her / it
They
Theirs
They
Parts Of Speech
Adjectives
Adjective Patterns:

Adjectives can come before noun: a new car

Adjectives can come after verbs: such as be, become,
seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast

They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Verb: is a word that tells
something about a
person or thing.
E.g.

The sun shines brightly.

Harry laughs.
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Types of Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

Regular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Modal Verbs
Parts Of Speech
Verb

Auxiliary Verb: ‘To Do’, ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ are the English
auxiliary verbs / helping verbs used in a negative
structure, a question or to show tenses.

Modal Verb: Modal verbs are used to express ideas
such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
E.g.
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should
Parts Of Speech
Verb

Regular Verb: A regular verb is one that follows the
pattern of taking -ed for the past simple and past
participles.
E.g. walk / walked / walked

Irregular Verb: An irregular verb is one that does not
take the -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past
Simple forms. Some verbs do not change.
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Types of Verbs

Irregular Verbs
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Shut
Read
Shut
Read
Shut
Read
Sit
Build
Sat
Built
Sat
Built
Know
See
Knew
Saw
Known
Seen
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Characteristics of Verbs

Verbs usually come after the subject of the sentence.
E.g.

Chris paints well.
Verbs must agree in person (first, second, etc.) and
number (singular and plural) with the subject of the
sentence.
E.g.
She sings sweetly.
They sing sweetly.
Parts Of Speech
Adverb

Adverb - An adverb is a word that tells us
more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or
"modifies" a verb. But adverbs can also
modify adjectives, or even other adverbs.
E.g.

The man ran quickly.

Tara is really beautiful.

The Cell phone works very well.
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
Characteristics of Adverb
1.
Function
The main job of an adverb is to modify (give more
information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)
(In the following examples, the adverb is in red and the word that it modifies is in purple.)
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
2.
Form

Many adverbs end in -ly.
E.g. quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly.

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs.
E.g. "Friendly", is an adjective.

Some adverbs have no particular form.
E.g. well, fast, very, never, always, often, still
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
3. Position
Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:

Front (before the subject):
- Now we will study adverbs.

Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
- We often study adverbs.

End (after the verb or object):
- We study adverbs carefully.
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions

Prepositions: are words that we can use to
indicate time, place and space.
PREPOSITIONS
Period/Point of Time
During
Throughout
At
Position
In, Under, Over, Beside,
Between, Opposite,
Among, Between
Direction
Towards
Past
Around
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions
Commonly used Prepositions
Aboard
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Among
Around
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Between
Beyond
By
Down
During
Except
For
From
Into
Like
Of
On
Over
Since
To
Within
In
Up
Over
Off
Towards
Under
Until
Upon
With
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions

We went to school on Monday.

My plane stopped at Jersey and arrived in
Dublin two hours late.
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence
that are grammatically equal. The two
parts may be single words or clauses.
E.g.


F – For
A – And
N – Nor
B – But
O – Or
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
The water was warm but I didn't go
swimming.
Y – Yet
S - So
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions A word or words used to
connect unequal parts of a
sentence.
E.g.
I went swimming, although it was
cold.
Since, Because,
If, After, Until,
Although, Before,
As Though, Though,
When, Unless
As
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions
Both-and

Correlative Conjunctions –
A pair of conjunctions used to show a
comparison. (They are also known as
paired conjunctions)
Either-or
Neither-nor
Since-therefore
E.g.
Not only is she rich, but also
intelligent.
If-then
Not only-but also
Parts Of Speech
Interjection

Interjection: is a big name for a little word. Interjections
are short exclamations like Hello!, Bravo!, Alas! or Ah!
They have no real grammatical value but we use them
quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing.
When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they
have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An
interjection is followed by an exclamation mark (!) when
written.
Hi !
Parts Of Speech
What's new?
Interjection
E.g.

"Hey ! look at that!"
(calling attention )

"Hi ! What's new?"
(expressing greeting )

"Well ! what did he say?"
(introducing a remark )
Well !
what did he
say?
Subjects and Verbs
Objective

Identify the correct usage of Subject and Verb in a
sentence

Identify the correct usage of Subjects and Verbs while
speaking in English
Subjects and Verbs
Verb: The part of speech that expresses action, or state
of being.
Subject: The part which names the person or thing we
are speaking about in a sentence.
Subjects and Verbs
Subject and Verb Agreement
The Verb agrees with the Subject in Number and
Person
E.g. Sam and Harry are friends.
Subjects and Verbs
Harry

Harry Potter is an interesting
book.

Every boy and girl is ready to
run for the marathon.
Potter
Articles
Objective

Identify the mechanisms to use articles
appropriately.
Articles

Articles: are Determiners.

Types Of Articles
Indefinite – A / AN
Definite – THE
Articles

Indefinite Article (A)

A dog is a faithful animal.

A man is known by the company he
keeps
Articles

Indefinite Article (AN)

An Apple

An Honest Man
Articles

Definite Article ( THE)

Lets go to the Golf Club.

The Solar System.
Articles
Lets have fun
Identify articles in the songs
(Clips to be added)
Tenses
Objective

Identify the correct usage of Tense in a sentence

Identify the correct usage of Tense while speaking in
English
Tenses

The Tense of a verb shows the time of action or event.

Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to
express time in language.
Tenses

There are three main Tenses:

Present Tense: a verb that refers to the present time.
E.g. I write a letter.

Past Tense: a verb that refers to the past time.
E.g. I wrote a letter.

Future Tense: a verb that refers to the future time. E.g.
I will write a letter.
Tenses
Simple Present
I study English everyday.
Present Continuous
IS / AM / ARE +
verb in ING
I am studying English now.
Simple Past
Simple Future
Two years ago, I studied English
in England.
I will be studying English next
year.
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
WAS / WERE + verb in ING
I was studying English when you
called yesterday.
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb
in ING
I will be studying English when
you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
HAS / HAVE + P.P
HAD + P.P.
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in
ING
I have studied English in several
different countries.
I had studied a little English before
I moved to the U.S.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb
in ING
I have been studying English for
five years.
HAD + BEEN + verb in ING
I had been studying English for five
years before I moved to the U.S.
I will be studying English when you
arrive tonight.
Future Perfect Continuous
SHALL / WILL + HAS / HAVE +
BEEN + verb in ING
I will have been studying English
for over two hours by the time you
arrive.
Tense Tenses

Fun Time
Group A write a story in the Present
Group B write a story in the Past
Group C write a story in the Future
Question Tags
Objective

To aid formulating appropriate questions.

To learn to convert ideas or sentences into questions.
Question Tags

Question tags are a grammatical structure in which a
statement or idea is turned into a question by adding an
interrogative fragment
( tag ).

Their pattern is ‘auxiliary + n’t + subject’, if the statement
is ‘positive’ and ‘auxiliary + subject’, if the statement is
‘negative’.
Question Tags
E.g.
Positive Sentence

He has left already, hasn’t he?

Andrew came to school yesterday, didn’t he?
Negative Sentence

He doesn’t like tea, does he?

John can’t speak English fluently, can he?
Direct And Indirect Speech
Objective

To understand the two ways of relating and quoting
what someone has said.
Direct And Indirect Speech

In Direct Speech the original speaker’s exact words are
given and indicated by quotation marks (“ ”)

E.g. “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.

In Indirect Speech the exact meaning of the speaker’s
words are given, but the exact words are not directly
quoted.

E.g. Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
Direct And Indirect Speech
Some pointers to convert Direct Speech into Indirect
Speech and vice – versa.

If the main verb is in the past tense, the present tense
verbs in that sentence must be changed to past tense.

First and second person pronouns must be changed to
third person pronouns.
Direct And Indirect Speech
Next week
characteristics and structure of
a good story
creating a short story in class
Reading and assignment for next
Monday
Log on to
www.itbcreatives.wordpress.com
Conclusion
1. List three things you learnt
today
2. What do you now understand
about grammar?
3. In one sentence write down
what you did not understand
Thank You