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Understanding Sentences First, know your clauses: • A clause contains a subject and a predicate. – Subject – what the sentence is about. – Predicate – action of the sentence; verb and any helping verbs. • Independent Clause – has a subject and a predicate; can stand alone as a complete thought. • Dependent Clause – cannot stand alone as a complete thought. Identify each of the following: • • • • • • • Companies increase research. ____ The dog barked. ____ Although Paul enjoyed the movie ____ Even when his mother yelled at him ____ Shelly ate. ____ If salamanders are green ____ John and Beth bought a house. ____ Second, be able to identify the four types of sentences. • Simple = Independent clause followed by a period. • Compound = Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. • Complex = One independent clause combined with one or more dependent clauses. Look for subordinating conjunctions to identify dependent clauses. • Compound Complex = A compound sentence combined with a complex sentence. Simple Sentence = IC • • • • • • Companies invest money. Companies increase research. Do not risk a zero on your assignment. Cite your sources. Mary went for a walk. John ate dessert. Compound Sentences = IC+,+fanboys*+IC • Companies invest money, and companies increase research. • John ate dessert, but Mary went for a walk. • Cite your sources, so you do not risk a zero on your assignment. * FANBOYS = coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Complex Sentences = IC+DC* • When companies invest money, companies increase research. • John ate dessert if Mary went for a walk. • Cite your sources to avoid risking a zero on your assignment. *Look for subordinating conjunctions. Compound Complex Sentences = IC+IC+DC • When companies increase research, they invest money, and this investment often leads to new products and greater choice for consumers. » » » » Purple = dependent clause Red = independent clause Underlined = compound sentence Italics = compound sentence Third, be able to identify conjunctions. 1. Coordinating Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunctions 4. Conjunctive Adverbs Coordinating Conjunctions **fanboys** • • • • • • • For And Nor But Or Yet So Correlative Conjunctions • • • • • • both…and either…or neither…nor not…but not only…but also whether…or Conjunctive Adverbs • • • • • • • • • • • accordingly furthermore moreover similarly also hence namely still anyway however nevertheless •then •besides •incidentally •next •thereafter •certainly •indeed •nonetheless •therefore •consequently •instead Conjunction Junction •now •thus •finally •likewise •otherwise •undoubtedly •further •meanwhile. So, give it a try. 1. Write down four simple sentences that address a common theme. 2. Combine sentences using various conjunctions and qualifiers. 3. Label the new sentences in your finished work. Bringing it Together Essential Punctuation for Sentences Clause Independent John ate dessert Combined With . Clause Independent Mary went for a walk. ; , coordinating conjunction ; conjunctive adverb, Independent John ate dessert No punctuation is used Dependent before or after the after Mary went for a walk. subordinating conjunction that follows an independent clause. Dependent After Mary went for a walk , (comma follows a clause introduced with a subordinating conjunction) Independent John ate dessert.