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© 2009 by Nurkasanah Sentences in English can be written in either the active or the passive voice The active voice is used when the subject of the sentence is performing or doing or causing the action expressed by the verb, someone does something. Example : I am writing a letter The passive voice is used when the subject of the sentences is the object of the action, something is done by something or someone. Example : The gun he carries is never loaded It is understood that she was fired by some one,by presumably boss The passive voice is often marked the use of her “by”, but this can be omitted. Example : The secretary was fired The passive is also marked by the absence of an object if there is no object in the clause, it will probably be, but not always, passive. The form of the passive is the correct tense of the verb “be” + the ‘-ed”/”-en” form of the verb. The appropriate tense must be used to convey the time of the context Example : Nowadays he goes to work by car This is in the present, The main tenses tested : action Future : I will study“nowadays”, English in theand USthe next year is regular butconversation not continuous Close Future : I am studying English next week Simple Present : I study English every day Present Continuous : I am studying ICT by computer Present Perfect : I have studied English for many years Past Tense : I studied English while at university Past Perfect : I had studied English for six years before I went to the Bali The “continuous” tense, apart form the present continuous, are not so commonly tested, but may appear. Omission, or unnecessary use, of the verbs or auxiliaries showing tense Example : Professor Cameron giving a lecture on the history of the labour movement next week The verb “to be” has been omitted from the present continuous tense of the verb “to give” the sentences should read “is giving’, showing the close future. In English sentences an auxiliary verb, or a modal auxiliary, is a verb, by adding to it an idea of time or mood, and must be followed by the base from of the main verb. Auxiliary / Modal verbs : Be, was, were, been, have, had, do, did, can, could, be able to May, might, must, have to, have got to, should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, be to, used to, will, would, be going to, would like to, would rather. The base form of main verb : go, work, stay, understand Apart from gerunds and complete verb structure also tests verbs when ending with –ing and –ed. Some of these verbs accur in reduced clauses, about which you can read in the reduced clauses tutorial an example is “ although bored, Mike stayed until the end of the movie” the first clause is reduced, “bored” being reduced from “he was bored” Other verbs ending in –ing or –ed function as adjectives. Although some are so common that one might think that they are like any other adjective, they are in fact formed from verbs. The main difference between the –ing and –ed endings is that –ing is active, and –ed is passive, the same is in reduced clauses ING Active ED Passive The –ing ending verb functioning as an adjective shows that the noun that is modifies is doing something, performing an action The –ed ending verb functioning as an adjective shows that the noun it modifies has had something done to it. The main problem that are two mixed ; you are given the wrong form, the –ing for the –ed, or vice-versa. It is also possible that neither form is used even though one or other is in fact necessary. The gerund is a form of a verb that can be used as a noun. The gerund is the base verb + ing Example : I don’t like cooking The gerund can be object Example : I like her cooking The gerund can be subject Example : cooking is fun The gerund, even though it is like a noun, is still a verb and can be followed by a noun ( a noun cannot be followed by another noun) Example : Cooking spaghetti is not so easy The gerund like a noun, can follow a preposition Example : Rainy weather is not good for playing tennis In English an adjective comes before a noun, though an adjective clause often comes after a noun An adjective describing a noun which is the subject of a linking verb, like to be, to appear, to seem and to become, will follow the verb, Example : He seems happy, but you look sad. An adverb usually follows the verb I modifies, or possibly the verb and the object of the verb. An adverb of frequency, like sometimes, always, never, and occasionally, always come before the verb. Adverbs can also modify adjectives or other adverbs. Example : She is a very beautiful woman He almost never take exercise The End